Fagaceae

Search Returned: 808 records.

Abbe, E. C. 1974. Flowers and inflorescences of the "Amentiferae" Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 40: 159-261.

Abrahamson, W. G. 1998. Gall-inducing insects provide insights into plant systematic relationships Amer. J. Bot. 85: 1159-1165.

Abrams, M. D. 2003. Where has all the white oak gone? Bioscience 53: 927-939.

Abrams, M. D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests Bioscience 42: 346-53.

Abrams, M. D. 1996. Distribution, historical development and ecophysiological attributes of oak species in the eastern United States Ann. Sci. Forest. 53: 487-512.

Abrams, M. D. 1990. Adaptations and responses to drought in Quercus species of North America Tree Physiology 6: 227-38.

Abrams, M. D.; Kubiske, M. E.; Mostoller, S. A. 1994. Relating wet and dry year ecophysiology to leaf structure in contrasting temperate tree species Ecology 75: 123-33.

Abrell, D. B.; Jackson, M. T. 1977. A decade of change in an old-growth beech-maple forest in Indiana Amer. Midl. Naturalist 98: 22-32.

Abromeit, J. 1884. Uber die Anatomie des Eichenholzes Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 10: 209-281. (In German)

Ahlgren, C. E. 1957. Phenological observations of nineteen native tree species in northeastern Minnesota Ecology 38: 622-8.

Aikman, J. M. 1934. The effect of low temperature on the germination and survival of native oaks Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 41: 89-93.

Aizen, A. M.; Kenigsten, A. 1990. Floral sex ratios in scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) vary with microtopography and stem height Canad. J. Bot. 68: 1364-8. (French summary)

Aizen, M. A.; Patterson, W. A. 1990. Acorn size and geographical range in the North American oaks J. Biogeogr. 17: 327-32.

Aizen, M. A.; Woodcock, H. 1992. Latitudinal trends in acorn size in eastern North American species of Quercus Canad. J. Bot. 70(6): 1218-22.

Aizen, M. A.; Woodcock, H. 1996. Effects of acorn size on seedling survival and growth in Quercus rubra following simulated spring freeze Canad. J. Bot. 74(2): 308-14.

Allard, H. A. 1949. An analysis of seedling progeny of an individual of Quercus saulii compared with seedlings of a typical individual of the white oak (Quercus alba) and a typical rock chesnut oak (Quercus montana) Castanea 14: 109-17.

Allard, H. A. 1942. The hybrid oak, x Quercus rudkinii, at Arlington, Virginia Rhodora 44(524): 262-6.

Allard, H. A. 1932. A progeny study of the so-called oak species Quercus saulii, with notes on other probable hybrids found in or near the District of Columbia Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 59: 267-77.

Allard, H. A. 1934. A supposed hybrid between the oak species Q. rubra and ilicifolia Rhodora 36(426): 239-40.

Allen, R.; Farmer, R. E. 1977. Germination characterisitics of bear oak S. J. Appl. Forest. 1: 19-20.

Amthor, J. S.; Gill, D. S.; Bormann, F. H. 1990. Autumnal laef conductance and apparent photosythesis by saplings and sprouts in a recently disturbed northern hardwood forest Oecologia 84: 93-8.

Anagnostakis, S. L. 1978. The American chestnut: new hope for a fallen giant Connecticut Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 777: 1-9.

Anagnostakis, S. L. 1987. Chestnut blight: the classical problem of an introduced pathogen Mycologia 79: 23-27.

Anagnostakis, S. L. 1996. The Chestnut Story WWW site, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT. ()

Anagnostakis, S. L.; Hillman, B. 1992. Evolution of the chestnut tree and its blight Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 52: 2-10.

Anderson, A. B. 1955. Recovery and utilization of tree extractives Econ. Bot. 9(2): 108-40.

Anderson, L. M.; Clark, A. L.; Marx, D. H. 1983. Growth of oak seedlings with specific ectomycorrhizae in urban stress environments J. Arboric. 9: 156-9.

Andresen, J. W. 1956. A large swamp white oak of the lower Raritan flood plain Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 83: 382-385.

Andresen, J. W. 1955. Viviparity in white oak J. Forest. 53: 252.

Andresen, J. W. 1956. Bartram oak in New Brunswick, New Jersey Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 83: 171-172.

Angelov, M. N. 1996. Long- and short-term flooding effects on survival and sink-source relationships of swamp-adapted tree species Tree Physiology 16: 477-484.

Anonymous 1974. Bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa beech family (Fagaceae) Morton Arbor. Quart. 10(2): 30-1.

Anonymous 1889. Proceedings of the Club Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 123-4.

Arthur, M. A.; Paratley, R. D. 1998. Single and repeated fires affect survival and regeneration of woody and herbaceous species in an oak-pine forest J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125: 225-236.

Ashe, W. W. 1923. The common names of some trees J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 39: 89-91.

Ashton, P. M. S.; Berlyn, G. P. 1994. A comparison of leaf physiology and anatomy of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus-Fagaceae) species in different light environments Amer. J. Bot. 81(5): 589-97.

Auchmoody, L. R.; Smith, H. C. 1993. Survival of nothern red oak acorns after fall burning USDA Forest Service, Northeast For. Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NE-678. Radnor, PA; 5pp.

Auchmoody, L. R.; Smith, H. C.; Walters, R. S. 1993. Acorn production in northern red oak stands in northwestern Pennsylvania USDA Forest Service, Northeastern For. Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NE-680. Radnor, PA. 5 pp.

Auchmoody, L. R.; Smith, H. C.; Walters, R. S. 1994. Planting northern red oak acorns: is size and planting depth important? USDA Forest Service, Northeast For. Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NE-693. Radnor, PA; 5pp.

Aufderheide, H. 1931. Chromosome numbers in Fagus grandifolia and Quercus virginiana Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 2(5): 45-52.

Avery, G. S. 1957. The dying oaks Scientific American 196(5): 112-22. (also reprinted in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions No. 151)

Axelrod, D. I. 1983. Biogeography of oaks in the arcto-tertiary province Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 629-57. (Many other genera disscussed)

Babcock, E. B. 1911. Walnut-oak hybrid experiments Amer. Breed. Assoc. Rep. 6: 138-40.

Bailey, I. W. 1910. Notes on the wood structure of the Betulaceae and Fagaceae Forest. Quart. 8: 178-185.

Balter, H.; Loeb, R. E. 1983. Arboreal relationships on limestone and gneiss in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 370-9.

Baltzer, J. L.; Thomas, S. C. 2005. Leaf optical responses to light and soil nutrient availability in temperate deciduous trees Amer. J. Bot. 92: 214-223.

Baranski, M. J. 1975. An analysis of variation within white oak (Quercus alba L North Carolina Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 236. Salisbury, NC. 176 pp. (Ref. in Diss. Abstr. Int., B, 35(10):4779. 1975.)

Bard, G. E. 1952. Secondary succession on the piedmont of New Jersey Ecol. Monogr. 22: 195-215.

Barden, L. S. 1985. Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia) in North Carolina Castanea 50: 121-2.

Barden, L. S. 1983. Size, age, and growth rate of trees in canopy gaps of a cove hardwood forest in the southern Appalachians Castanea 48: 19-23.

Barker, M. J. 1997. Micropropagation of juvenile and mature American beech Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 51: 209-213.

Barnett, R. J. 1977. The effect of burial by squirrels on germination and survival of oak and hickory nuts Amer. Midl. Naturalist 98: 319-30.

Barnett, R. J. 1976. Interactions between tree squirrels and oaks and hickories: the ecology of seed predation Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke Univ., Durham, NC.

Barrett, J. W.; Farnsworth, C. E.; Rutherford, W. Jr. 1962. Logging effects on regeneration and certain aspects of microclimate in northern hardwoods J. Forest. 60(9): 630-9.

Barrett, L. I. 1931. Influence of forest litter on germination and early survival of chestnut oak, Quercus montana Wild Ecology 12: 476-484.

Batista, W. B.; Platt, W. J.; Macchiavelli, R. E. 1998. Demography of a shade-tolerant tree (Fagus grandifolia) in a hurricane-disturbed forest Ecology 79: 38-53.

Battaglia, L. L.; Fore, S. A.; Sharitz, R. R. 2000. Seedling emergence, survival and size in relation to light and water availability in two bottomland hardwood species J. Ecol. 88: 1041-1050.

Baxter, J. W. 1999. Ectomycorrhizal diversity and community structure in oak forest stands exposed to contrasting anthropogenic impacts Canad. J. Bot. 77: 771-782.

Bazzaz, F. A.; Miao, S. L. 1993. Successional status, seed size, and responses of tree seedlings to CO2, light, and nutrients Ecology 74: 104-12.

Beaman, B. A. 1981. Factors affecting the establishment, growth, and survival of white oak (Quercus alba L.) in an upland hardwood forest Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke Univ., Durham, NC. 225 p.

Beattie, R. K.; Diller, J. D. 1954. Fifty years of chestnut blight in America J. Forest. 52: 323-9.

Beaudet, M.; Messier, C. 1998. Growth and morphological responses of yellow birch, sugar maple and beech seedlings growing under a natural light gradient Canad. J. Forest Res. 28: 1007-1015.

Beck, L. C. 1848. Oaks of the State of New York Amer. Quart. J. Agric. Sci. 7: 490-3.

Beckjord, P. R.; et al. 1983. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on growth and ectomycorrhizal formation of Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Q. falcata, and Q. falcata var. pagodifolia Canad. J. Bot. 61: 2507-14.

Beckjord, P. R.; McIntosh, M. S. 1983. Growth and fungal retention by field-planted Quercus rubra seedlings inoculated with several ectomycorrhizal fungi Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110(3): 353-9.

Bednarz, Z.; Ptak, J. 1990. The influence of temperature and precipitation on ring widths of oak Tree-Ring Bull. 50: 1-10.

Bennett, K. D. 1985. The spread of Fagus grandifolia across eastern North America during the last 18000 years J. Biogeogr. 12: 147-64.

Benninghoff, W. S.; Gebben, A. I. 1960. Phytosociological studies of some beech-maple stands in Michigan's Lower Peninsula Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 45: 83-91.

Berkeley, E. E. 1931. Marcescent leaves of certain species of Quercus Bot. Gaz. 92: 85-93. (Also Acer, Fagus)

Bernard, J. M.; Fairbrothers, D. E. 1967. Ecological and taxonomic information about Quercus michauxii Nutt. (swamp chestnut oak) in New Jersey Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 94: 433-438.

Berridge, E. M. 1914. The structure of the flower of the Fagaceae, and its bearing on the affinities of the group Ann. Bot. 28: 509-26.

Biagi, A.; Jensen, Richard J. 1995. The genus Quercus (Fagaceae) in Indiana: Phytogeography and a key to the species Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 104: 11-24.

Biocca, M.; Tainter, F. H.; Starkey, D. A.; Oak, S. W.; Williams, J. G. 1993. The persistence of oak decline in the western North Carolina Nantahala Mountains Castanea 58: 178-84.

Blackman, D.; Ware, S. 1982. Soil moisture and the distribution of Quercus prinus and Quercus rubra Castanea 47: 360-7.

Blaney, J. R.; Tryon, E. H.; Linsky, B. 1977. Effect of coal smoke on growth of four tree species Castanea 42: 193-203.

Blue, M. P.; Jensen, Richard J. 1988. Positional and seasonal variation in oak (Quercus; Fagaceae) leaf morphology Amer. J. Bot. 75(7): 939-47.

Boerner, R. E. J.; Brinkman, J. A. 1996. Ten years of tree seedling establishment and mortality in an Ohio deciduous forest complex Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 309-17.

Boerner, R. E.; Lord, T. R.; Peterson, J. C. 1988. Prescribed burning in the oak-pine forest of the New Jersey Pine Barrens: effects on growth and nutrient dynamics of two Quercus species Amer. Midl. Naturalist 120: 108-19.

Bohn, K. K.; Nyland, R. D. 2003. Forecasting development of understory American beech after partial cutting in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands. Forest Ecol. & Manag. 180: 453-461.

Boman, J. S.; Casper, B. B. 1995. Differential postdispersal seed predation in disturbed and intact temperate forest Amer. Midl. Naturalist 134: 107-116.

Bonner, F. T. 1968. Water uptake and germination of red oak acorns Bot. Gaz. 129(1): 83-5.

Bonner, F. T.; Vozzo, J. A. 1987. Seed biology and technology of Quercus USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-66. 21 pp.

Borchert, R. 1975. Endogenous shoot growth rhythms and indeterminate shoot growth in oak Physiol. Pl. (Copenhagen) 35: 152-7.

Bosema, I. 1979. Jays and oaks: an eco-ethological study of symbiosis Behaviour 70: 1-117.

Bourdeau, P. F. 1954. Oak seedling ecology determining segregation of species in Piedmont oak-hickory forests Ecol. Monogr. 24: 297-320.

Braham, R. R. 1977. Crown position and heterophylly in white oak Michigan Bot. 16(3): 141-7.

Brandt, C. J.; Rhoades, R. W. 1973. Effects of limestone dust accumulation on lateral growth of forest trees Environmental Pollution 4: 207-13.

Bray, J. R. 1960. A note on hybridization between Quercus macrocarpa Michx. and Quercus bicolor Willd. in Wisconsin Canad. J. Bot. 38: 701-4.

Brett, D. W. 1964. The inflorescence of Fagus and Castanea and the evolution of the cupules of the Fagaceae New Phyt. 63: 96-117.

Brewer, L. G. 1995. Ecology of survival and recovery from blight in American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) in Michigan Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 40-57.

Briggs, J. M.; Smith, K. G. 1989. Influence of habitat on acorn selection by Peromyscus leucopus J. Mammal. 70: 35-43.

Britton, Elizabeth G. 1886. Plurality of embryos in Quercus alba Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 95.

Britton, Nathaniel L. 1886. Note on Quercus muhlenbergii Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 40-1.

Britton, Nathaniel L. 1881. Peculiarly-lobed leaves in Quercus alba Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 8: 126.

Britton, Nathaniel L. 1882. On a hybrid oak near Keyport, N.J. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 13-5.

Brooks, A. B. 1937. Castanea dentata Castanea 2: 61-7.

Brown, R. L. 1904. Wood structure of elms, maples and oaks as a means of identifying species Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 4: 109-12.

Brownell, V. R. 1996. Recent discoveries of southern vascular plants at their northern limits in the granite barrens area of Lennox and Addington County, Ontario Canad. Field-Naturalist 110: 255-259.

Bruederle, L. P.; Stearns, F. W. 1985. Ice storm damage to a southern Wisconsin mesic forest Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112(2): 167-75.

Brundrett, M.; Murase, G.; Kendrick, B. 1990. Comparative anatomy of roots and mycorrhizae of common Ontario trees Canad. J. Bot. 68: 551-78. (French summary)

Bryant, F. C. 1996. Diets of female white-tailed deer in the cross-timbers region Prairie Naturalist 28: 125-140.

Buchholz, J. T. 1941. Multi-seeded acorns Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 34: 99-101.

Buchholz, K. 1983. Initial responses of pine and oak to wildfire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens Plains Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 91-6.

Buckley, D. S. 1994. Relationships among competing vegetation, herbivores, and environmental conditions affecting northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) regeneration Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan Tech. Univ. Houghton, MI.

Buell, M. F.; Buell, H. F.; Small, J. A. 1973. Periodicity of tree growth in Hutcheson Memorial Forest William L. Hutcheson Memorial For. Bull. 3: 24-6.

Bump, N. G. 1926. Some observations of forest tree seeds and the early development of the seedlings M.S. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 64 p.

Bunce, J. A.; Miller, L. N.; Chabot, B. F. 1977. Competative exploitation of soil water by five eastern North American tree species Bot. Gaz. 138(2): 168-73.

Burger, William C. 1975. The species concept in Quercus Taxon 24: 45-50.

Burk, C. John 1965. Segregation in three generations of progeny of the hybrid oak Quercus x rudkini (Quercus marilandica x Q. phellos) J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 81: 50-3.

Busby, P. E. 2008. Multiple and interacting disturbances lead to Fagus grandifolia dominance in coastal New England J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 135: 346-359.

Calme, S.; Margolis, H. A.; Bigras, F. J.; Mailly, D. 1995. The relationship between water content and frost tolerance in shoots of hardwood seedlings Canad. J. Forest Res. 25: 1738-45. (French summary)

Camp, W. H. 1950. A biogeographic and paragenetic analysis of the American beech (Fagus) Amer. Philos. Soc. Year Book 1950: 166-9.

Camus, A. 1934. Les Chenes: Monographie du genre Quercus. Encycl. Econ. Sylvic Lechevalier, Paris.

Canham, C. D. 1984. Canopy recruitment in shade tolerant tree species: the response of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia to canopy openings Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 174 p.

Canham, C. D. 1990. Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Fagus grandifolia Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117: 1-7. (Also Acer)

Canham, C. D. 1988. Growth and canopy architecture of shade-tolerant trees: Response to canopy gaps Ecology 69: 786-95.

Canham, C. D. 1996. Biomass allocation and multiple resource limitation in tree seedlings Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 1521-30. (French summary)

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus coccinea The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus stellata The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus palustris The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus falcata The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus velutina The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus phellos The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus prinus The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carey, J. H. 1992. Quercus marilandica The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Carpenter, I. W.; Guard, A. T. 1954. Anatomy and morphology of the seedling roots of four species of the genus Quercus J. Forest. 52: 269-74.

Carter, J. C. 1975. Major tree diseases of the century J. Arboric. 1(8): 141-7.

Carvell, K. L. 1967. The response of understory oak seedlings to release after partial cutting West Virginia Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 553. Morgantown, WV.

Carvell, K. L. 1979. Factors affecting the abundance, vigor, and growth response of understory oak seedlings In: Regenerating oaks in upland forests. Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN. 23-9 pages.

Carvell, K. L.; Tryon, E. H. 1961. The effect of environmental factors on the abundance of oak regeneration beneath mature oak stands Forest Sci. 7: 98-105.

Cecich, R. A. 1996. The reproductive biology of Quercus, with an emphasis on Q. rubra J. Intern. Oak Soc. 7: 10-20.

Cecich, R. A. 1996. Biology and silviculture of northern red oak in the north central region: a synopsis USDA, Forest Serv., North Central Forest Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-173.

Celakovsky, L. 1890. Ueber die Cupula von Fagus und Castanea Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 21: 128-161. (In German)

Chabot, B. F.; Lewis, A. R. 1976. Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in northern red oak Photosynthetica 10: 130-5.

Chadwick, L. C. 1939. New England hurricane damage to trees Arborist's News 4(1): 1-4.

Chaney, W. R.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1969. Seasonal and diurnal expansion and contraction of fruits of forest trees Canad. J. Bot. 47: 1033-8.

Chaney, W. R.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1969. Seasonal and diurnal changes in water balance of fruits, cones, and leaves of forest trees Canad. J. Bot. 47: 1407-17.

Christianson, J. D. 1971. The effect of surface fires on three species of hardwood tree seedlings William L. Hutcheson Memorial For. Bull. 2: 1-5.

Clapper, R. B. 1954. Chestnut breeding, techniques and results. I. Breeding material and pollination techniques J. Heredity 45: 107-14.

Clark, A. W. 1919. Seasonal variation in water content and in transpiration of leaves of Fagus grandifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, and Quercus alba Contr. Bot. Lab. Morris Abor. Univ. Pennsylvania 4: 105-43.

Clark, R. C. 1997. Noteworthy collections- Kentucky Castanea 62: 288.

Clark, S. L.; Hallgren, S. W. 2003. Dynamics of oak (Quercus marilandica and Q. stellata) reproduction in an old-growth cross timbers forest Southeastern Naturalist 2: 559-574.

Clatterbuck, W. K.; Hodges, J. D. 1988. Development of cherrybark oak and sweet gum in mixed, even-aged bottomland stands in central Mississippi, U.S.A Canad. J. Forest Res. 18(1): 12-8.

Cleavitt, N. L. 2008. Growth and survivorship of american beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) seedlings in a northern hardwood forest following a mast event J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 135: 328-345.

Clinton, B. D.; Boring, L. R.; Swank, W. T. 1994. Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians: influences of topographic position and evergreen understory Amer. Midl. Naturalist 132: 308-19.

Clinton, G. P. 1913. Chestnut bark disease Connecticut Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. 1912: 359-453.

Cobb, S. W.; Miller, A. E.; Zahner, R. 1985. Recurrent shoot flushes in scarlet oak stump sprouts Forest Sci. 31: 725-30.

Coker, W. C. 1912. The seedling of the live oak and white oak J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 28: 34-41.

Coker, W. C. 1904. Multiseeded acorns Bot. Gaz. 37: 61-62.

Coladoanto, M. 1991. Fagus grandifolia The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Cole, A. M.; Ware, S. A. 1997. Forest vegetation, edaphic factors, and successional direction in the Central Piedmont of Virginia Castanea 62: 100-11.

Collingwood, G. H. 1942. Scarlet oak Amer. Forests 48: 512-3.

Collingwood, G. H. 1943. Southern red oak Amer. Forests 49: 544-5.

Collingwood, G. H. 1941. Black oak Amer. Forests 47: 576-7.

Collingwood, G. H. 1942. Chestnut oak Amer. Forests 48: 320-1.

Conner, K.; Feret, P. P.; Adams, R. E. 1976. Variation in Quercus mast production Virginia J. Sci. 27: 54.

Connor, K. 2004. Storing acorns Native Plants J. 5: 161-166.

Conrad, A. H. 1900. A contribution to the life history of Quercus Bot. Gaz. 29: 408-418.

Cook, D. B. 1941. The period of growth in some northeastern trees J. Forest. 39: 956-959.

Cook, E. R.; Jacoby, G. C. 1977. Tree-ring drought relationships in the Hudson Valley, New York Science 198(4315): 399-401. (Pinus, Quercus, & Tsuga used for dendrochronology)

Cooper, A. W.; Mercer, E. P. 1977. Morphological variation in Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. in North Carolina J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 93: 136-49.

Cooperrider, M. 1957. Introgressive hybridization between Quercus marilandica and Q. velutina in Iowa Amer. J. Bot. 44: 804-10.

Crane, P. R.; Blackmore, S. 1989. Evolution, systematics and fossil history of the Hamamelidae 2 Vols. Oxford University Press, New York.

Croizat, L. C. M. 1936. An interesting oak in New York City, with brief notes on Quercus x richteri Baen Torreya 36: 139-142.

Crow, T. R. 1992. Population dynamics and growth patterns for a cohort of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) seedlings Oecologia 91: 192-200.

Crow, T. R. 1988. Reprodutive mode and mechanisms for self-replacement of northern red oak (Quercus rubra): A review Forest Sci. 34: 19-40.

Crow, T. R.; Isebrands, J. G. 1986. Oak regeneration- an update In: IN: Proceedings, integrated pest management symposium for northern forests. University of Wisconsin, Cooperative Extension Service, Madison, WI. 73-86 pages.

Crow, T. R.; Johnson, W. C.; Adkisson, C. S. 1994. Fire and recruitment of Quercus in a postagricultural field Amer. Midl. Naturalist 131(1): 84-97.

Cunningham, T. R.; Wittwer, R. F. 1984. Direct seeding oaks and black walnut on minesoils in eastern Kentucky Reclamation & Reveg. Res. 3: 173-84.

Curtis, R. O.; Rushmore, F. M. 1958. Some effects of stand density and deer browsing on reproduction in an Adirondack hardwood stand J. Forest. 56: 116-21.

Cypert, E.; Webster, B. S. 1948. Yield and use by wildlife of acorns of water and willow oaks J. Wildl. Managem. 12: 227-31.

Cypher, J.; Boucher, D. H. 1982. Beech-maple coexistence and seedling growth rates at Mount Saint Hilaire, Quebec Canad. J. Bot. 60: 1279-81.

Dane, F. 2003. Intercontinental genetic divergence of Castanea species in eastern Asia and eastern North America Heredity 91: 314-321.

Darley-Hill, S.; Johnson, W. C. 1981. Acorn dispersal by the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) Oecologia 50: 231-2.

Daughtridge, A. T.; Pallardy, S. G.; Garrett, H. G.; Sander, I. L. 1986. Growth analysis of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) seedlings New Phyt. 103: 473-80.

Davies, W. J.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1974. Stomatal responses of five woody angiosperms to light intensity and humidity Canad. J. Bot. 52(7): 1525-34.

Davis, M. B.; Woods, K. D.; Webb, S. L.; Futyma, R. P. 1986. Dispersal versus climate: expansion of Fagus and Tsuga into the upper Great Lakes region Vegetatio 67: 93-103.

Davis, W. T. 1939. A valuable Staten Island botanical asset (Staten Island hybrid oaks) Bull. Staten Island Inst. Arts Sci. 22: 4.

Davis, W. T. 1929. A hybrid oak at Westerleigh, Staten Island Torreya 29: 6-8.

Davis, W. T. 1905. A new station for the hybrid oak (Quercus brittoni) Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Island 9: 38.

Davis, W. T. 1907. An addition to the list of hybrid oaks Proc. Staten Island Assoc. Arts 1: 97-8.

Davis, W. T. 1892. Quercus brittoni Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Island 3: 19-20.

Davis, W. T. 1914. Additional facts concerning the hybrid oaks, Quercus nana x Quercus marylandica (Q. brittoni Davis) Proc. Staten Island Assoc. Arts 4: 110-1.

Davis, W. T. 1888. Hybrid oaks on Staten Island Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Island September 8

Davis, W. T. 1922. A second station for hybrid oaks on the western end of Staten Island Proc. Staten Island Inst. Arts 1: 55.

Davis, W. T. 1892. Interesting oaks recently discovered on Staten Island Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 301-3.

Davis, W. T.; Hollick, A. 1888. Hybrid oaks of Richmond Valley Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Island 1: 71-2.

Davison, S. E. 1981. Tree seedling survivorship at Hutcheson Memorial Forest New Jersey William L. Hutcheson Memorial For. Bull. 6: 4-7.

Day, F. P.; Monk, C. D. 1977. Net primary production and phenology on a Southern Appalachian watershed Amer. J. Bot. 64: 1117-25.

Decker, K. L. M.; Boerner, R. E. J. 1997. CA:Al ratio effects on growth and competitive interactions of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 286-96.

Decker, S. R. 1991. Nutritional evaluation of winter foods of wild turkeys Canad. J. Zoology 69: 2128-2132.

Delavan, C. C. 1916. The relation of the storage of the seeds of some of the oaks and hickories to their germination Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 161-3.

Dengler, N. G.; MacKay, L. B. 1975. The leaf anatomy of beech, Fagus grandifolia Canad. J. Bot. 53(19): 2202-11.

Dengler, N. G.; MacKay, L. B.; Gregory, L. M. 1975. Cell enlargement and tissue differentiation during leaf expansion in beech, Fagus grandifolia Canad. J. Bot. 53(23): 2846-65.

Denk, T. 2003. Phylogeny of Fagus L. (Fagaceae) based on morphological data Pl. Syst. Evol. 240: 55-81.

Denk, T.; Grimm, G. W.; Hemleben, V. 2005. Patterns of molecular and morphological differentiation in Fagus (Fagaceae): phylogenetic implications Amer. J. Bot. 92: 1006-1016.

Denk, T.; Meller, B. 2001. Systematic significance of the cupule/nut complex in living and fossil Fagus Int. J. Plant Sci. 162: 869-897.

Deuber, C. G. 1932. Chemical treatments to shorten the rest period of red and black oak acorns J. Forest. 30: 674-9.

Dibello, F. J.; Arthur, S. M.; Krohn, W. B. 1990. Food habits of sympatric coyotes, red foxes, and bobcats in Maine Canad. Field-Naturalist 104: 403-8.

Dickie, I. A. 2004. Shared ectomycorrhizal fungi between a herbaceous perennial (Helianthemum bicknellii) and oak (Quercus) seedlings New Phyt. 164: 375-382.

Dietz, A. 1978. The use of ionizing radiation to develop a blight resistant American chestnut Castanea dentata, through induced mutations In: Proceedings of the American Chestnut Symposium, Morgantown, WV, Jan. 4-5, 1978. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. 17-20 pages.

Diller, J. D. 1956. Is our American chestnut developing blight resistance? Northern Nut Growers Ann. Rept. 47: 29-31.

Diller, J. D. 1965. Chestnut blight USDA Forest Pest Leafl. 94. 7 pp.

Diller, O. D. 1935. The relation of temperature and precipitation to the growth of beech in northern Indiana Ecology 16: 72-81.

Dix, R. L.; Skrentny, R. F. 1965. Reproduction of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. by seed in Wisconsin Canad. J. Bot. 43: 757-63.

Dixon, R. K. et al. 1980. Water deficits and root growth of ectomycorrhizal white oak seedlings Canad. J. Forest Res. 10: 545-8.

Dixon, R. K. et al. 1983. Comparative water relations of container-grown and bare-root ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Quercus velutina seedlings Canad. J. Bot. 61: 1559-65.

Dolan, R. W. 1994. Effects of proscribed burn on tree- and herb-layer vegetation in a post oak (Quercus stellata) dominated flatwoods Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 103: 25-32.

Doolittle, W. T. 1971. Oak Symposium Proceedings USDA NE For. Exp. Sta. Held at University of West Virginia, Morgantown. 161 pp.

Dostal, R. 1927. Uber die Sommerperiodizitõt bei Quercus und Fagus Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 45: 436-446.

Dougherty, P. M. et al. 1979. Net photosynthesis and early growth trends of a dominant white oak (Quercus alba L.) Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 64: 930-5.

Dougherty, P. M.; Hinckley, T. M. 1981. The influence of a severe drought on net photosynthesis of white oak Quercus alba Canad. J. Bot. 59: 335-41.

Dow, B. D.; Ashley, M. V. 1996. Microsatellite analysis of seed dispersal and parentage of saplings in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa Molec. Ecol. 5: 615-627.

Dow, B. D.; Ashley, M. V. 1998. Factors influencing male mating success in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa New Forests 15: 161-180.

Dow, B. D.; Ashley, M. V. 1998. High levels of gene flow in bur oak revealed by paternity analysis using microsatellites J. Heredity 89: 62-70.

Dow, B. D.; Ashley, M. V.; Howe, H. F. 1995. Characterization of highly variable (GA/CT)-n microsatellites in the bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 137-141.

Downs, A. A. 1949. Low forking in white oak sprouts may be hereditary J. Forest. 47: 736.

Downs, A. A. 1946. Response to release of sugar maple, white oak, and yellow-poplar J. Forest. 44: 22-7.

Downs, A. A.; McQuilkin, W. E. 1944. Seed production of southern Appalachian oaks J. Forest. 42(12): 913-20.

Duffield, J. W. 1940. Chromosome counts in Quercus Amer. J. Bot. 27: 787-8.

Duffield, W. J. 1974. Some hybrid oaks Amer. Forests 80(3): 46-9.

Dyal, S. C. 1936. A key to the species of oaks of eastern North America based on foliage and twig characters Rhodora 38: 53-63.

Easterly, N. W. 1969. The oaks of the oak openings Castanea 34: 335-51.

Eaton, R. J. 1928. An exceptionally large Quercus ilicifolia Rhodora 30(349): 19.

Eberhardt, R. M.; Latham, R. E. 2000. Relationships among vegetation, surficial geology and soil water content at the Pocono mesic till barrens J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127: 115-124.

Echternach, J. L.; Rose, R. K. 1987. Use of woody vegetation by beavers in southeastern Virginia USA Virginia J. Sci. 38: 226-232.

Ehleringer, J. R.; Smedley, M. P. 1989. Stomatal sensitivity and water-use efficiency in oaks and their hybrids USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-256: 98-102.

Ehrenfeld, J. G. 1986. Wetlands of the New Jersey Pine Barrens: the role of species composition in community function Amer. Midl. Naturalist 115: 301-13.

Eickmeier, W. G. 1982. Fall phosphorus resorption by Quercus prinus L. and Acer saccharum Marsh. in central Tennessee Amer. Midl. Naturalist 107: 196-8.

Elias, T. S. 1971. The genera of Fagaceae in the southeastern United States J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 159-95.

Elliott, K.; Swank, W. 1994. Impacts of drought on tree mortality and growth in a mixed hardwood forest J. Veg. Sci. 5: 229-36.

Engelmann, G. 1876. The oaks of the United States Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 3: 372-400, 539-43.

Evans, C. A. 2005. Beech bark disease: proceedings of the beech bark disease symposium, Saranac Lake, New York, June 16-18, 2004 USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-331. Newtown Square, PA. (149 pages)

Exum, E. M. 1992. Tree in a coma Amer. Forests 98(11-12): 20-5.

Faden, R. 1963. Field Trip of the Torrey Botanical Club, July 15, 1962, Richmond County, New York Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 90: 59-60.

Farmer, R. E. 1974. Germination of northern red oak: effect of provenance, chilling, gibberellic acid Proc. 8th Central Forest Tree Improvement Conf. 16-19.

Farmer, R. E. 1981. Variation in seed yield of white oak Forest Sci. 27: 377-380.

Feret, P. P.; Kreh, R. E.; Merkle, S. A.; Oderwald, R. G. 1982. Flower abundance, premature acorn abscission, and acorn production in Quercus alba L Bot. Gaz. 143(2): 216-8.

Fergus, C. L. 1961. Oak wilt- a serious menace to our oaks Morris Arbor. Bull. 12: 3-6.

Fernald, M. L. 1946. Types of some American trees J. Arnold Arbor. 27: 386-94.

Fey, B. S.; Endress, P. K. 1983. Development and morphological interpretation of the cupule in Fagaceae Flora 173: 451-468.

Flint, H. L. 1972. Cold hardiness of twigs of Quercus rubra L. as a function of geographic origin Ecology 53: 1163-1170.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1997. Flora of North America, Volume 3. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae Oxford University Press, New York. 590 pages.

Flower, F. B.; Gilman, E. F.; Leone, I. A. 1981. Landfill gas, what it does to trees and how its injurious effects may be prevented J. Arboric. 7(2): 43-52.

Floyd, B. W.; Noble, R. D. 1980. Intraseasonal variation in chlorophyll content and chloroplast ultrastructure of selected plant species in a deciduous forest Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1504-19.

Forcier, L. K. 1973. Seedling pattern and population dynamics, and the reproductive strategies of sugar maple, beech and yellow birch Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT.

Forest, H. S. 1978. The American chestnut in New York Conservationist 33(1): 25-6. (NY Dept. Envir. Conserv., July-August)

Forest, H. S.; Kely, J. W.; Wiedman, C. P. 1977. The American chestnut: a rare regional tree species The Rochester Committee for Scientific Information Bulletin 203: 1-12.

Forman, L. L. 1966. On the evolution of cupules in the Fagaceae Kew Bull. 18: 385-419.

Foster, D. R.; Zebryk, T. M. 1993. Long-term vegetation dynamics and disturbance history of a Tsuga-dominated forest in New England Ecology 74: 982-98.

Fox, J. 1974. Coevolution of white oak and its seed predators Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Chicago, Chicago, IL. 83 p.

Fox, J. F. 1982. Adaptation of gray squirrel behavior to autumn germination by white oak acorns Evolution 36: 800-9.

Frascaria, N.; Maggia, L.; Michaud, M.; Bousquet, J. 1993. The rbcL gene sequence from chestnut indicates a slow rate of evolution in the Fagaceae Genome 36: 668-71.

Friesner, R. C. 1930. Chromosome numbers in ten species of Quercus, with some remarks on the contributions of cytology to taxonomy Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 1: 77-103.

Friesner, R. C. 1941. A preliminary study of growth in the beech, Fagus grandifolia, by the dendrographic method Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 5: 85-94.

Fritts, H. C. 1956. Relations of radial growth of beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) to some environmental factors in a central Ohio forest during 1954-55 Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.

Fritts, H. C. 1958. An analysis of radial growth of beech in a central Ohio forest during 1954-55 Ecology 39: 705-20.

Fritts, H. C. 1959. The relation of radial growth to maximum and minimum temperatures in three tree species Ecology 40(2): 261-5.

Fu, Y.; Dane, F. 2003. Allozyme variation in endangered Castanea pumila var. pumila Ann. Bot. (London) 92: 223-230.

Gaiser, R. N. 1951. Relations between topography, soil characteristics and site index of white oak in southeastern Ohio USDA Forest Service, Central States For. Exp. Sta. Tech. Pap. 121. 12 pp.

Gao, S. 1995. Effects of water stress on chestnut blight Canad. J. Forest Res. 25: 1030-1035.

Garcia, D.; Banuelos, M. J.; Houle, G. 2002. Differential effects of acorn burial and litter cover on Quercus rubra recruitment at the limit of its range in eastern North America Canad. J. Bot. 80: 1115-1120.

Garrison, H. J. 1956. Floral morphology and ontogeny of Fagus grandifloia Ehrh Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State Univ.. 101 p. (see also Diss. Abstr. 17:2777-2778. 1957.)

Garrison, W. J.; Augspurger, C. K. 1983. Double- and single-seeded acorns of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa): frequency and some ecological consequences Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 154-60.

Gavin, D. 1992. Effects of beech bark disease on radial growth of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in New Hampshire M.S. Thesis, Dartmouth.

Gaynor, B. D. 1987. Hybridization in Michigan white oaks (Quercus subg. Lepidobalanus) with emphasis on two new hybrids Michigan Bot. 26: 63-77.

Geburek, T.; Tripp-Knowles, P. 1994. Genetic architecture in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa (Fagaceae), inferred by means of spatial autocorrelation analysis Pl. Syst. Evol. 189: 63-74.

George, M. F.; Hong, S. G.; Burke, M. J. 1977. Cold hardiness and deep supercooling of hardwoods: its occurrence in provenance collections of red oak, yellow birch, black walnut, and black cherry Ecology 58: 674-80.

Gerwein, J. B.; Kesseli, R. V. 2006. Genetic diversity and population structure of Quercus rubra (Fagaceae) in old-growth and secondary forests in southern New England Rhodora 108: 1-18.

Gibson, L. P. 1971. Insects of bur oak acorns Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 64: 232-4.

Gill, D. E. 1978. Spatial patterning of pines and oaks in the New Jersey pine barrens J. Ecol. 63: 291-8.

Glase, J. C.; Granet, K. 1978. Bark chlorophyll in the American beech (Fagus grandifolia) varies with bark aspect Amer. Midl. Naturalist 100: 510-2.

Glitzenstein, J.; Harcombe, P. A. 1979. Site-specific changes in the bark texture of Quercus falcata Michx. (southern red oak) Amer. J. Bot. 66(6): 668-72.

Godman, R. M.; Mattson, G. A. 1980. Low temperature optimum for field germination of northern red oak Tree Pl. Notes 31: 32-34.

Good, N. F. 1968. A study of natural replacement of chestnut in six stands in the highlands of New Jersey Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95: 240-53. (Also Acer, Betula, & Fagus)

Good, N. F.; Good, R. E. 1972. Population dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in a mature eastern hardwood forest Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 99: 172-8.

Goodrum, P. D.; Reid, V. H.; Boyd, C. E. 1971. Acorn yields, characteristics, and management criteria of oaks for wildlife J. Wildl. Managem. 35(3): 520-32.

Gordon, A. M.; Simpson, J. A.; Williams, P. A. 1995. Six-year response of red oak seedlings planted under a shelterwood in central Ontario Canad. J. Forest Res. 25: 603-13. (French summary)

Gorham, E.; Gordon, A. G. 1960. Some effects of smelter pollution northeast of Falconbridge, Ontario Canad. J. Bot. 38: 307-12.

Gottschalk, K. W. 1985. Effects of shading on growth and development of northern red oak, black oak, black cherry, and red maple seedlings. I. Height, diameter, and root/shoot ratio In: Proceedings of the Fifth Central Hardwoods Conference. Society of American Foresters, Urbana, IL. 189-95 pages.

Gottschalk, K. W. 1994. Shade, leaf growth and crown development of Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Prunus serotina, and Acer rubrum seedlings Tree Physiology 14: 735-749.

Govaerts, R.; Frodin, D. G. 1998. World checklist and bibliography of Fagales Kew Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. 407 pages. (ISBN 1900347466)

Graves, A. H. 1926. The cause of the persistent development of basal shoots from blighted chestnut trees Phytopathology 16: 615-21. (also reprinted in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions No. 47. 1926)

Graves, A. H. 1918. Resistance in the American chestnut to the bark disease Science 48: 652-3.

Graves, A. H. 1961. Keys to chestnut species Northern Nut Growers Ann. Rept. 52: 78-90.

Graves, H. S. 1905. Notes on the rate of growth of red cedar, red oak, and chestnut Forest. Quart. 3: 349-53.

Green, W. E. 1947. Effect of water impoundment on tree mortality and growth J. Forest. 45: 118-20.

Greene, D. F.; Johnson, E. A. 1994. Estimating the mean annual seed production of trees Ecology 75: 642-7.

Gribko, L. S.; Schuler, T. M.; Ford, W. M. 2002. Biotic and abiotic mechanisms in the establishment of northern red oak seedlings: a review USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-295. (18 p.)

Griffin, G. J. 1992. American chestnut survival in understory mesic sites following the chestnut blight pandemic Canad. J. Bot. 70(10): 1950-6.

Griffin, G. J.; Smith, H. C.; Dietz, A.; Elkins, J. R. 1991. Importance of hardwood competition to American chestnut survival, growth, and blight development in forest clearcuts Canad. J. Bot. 69(8): 1804-9.

Grime, J. P.; Jeffrey, D. W. 1965. Seedling establishment in vertical gradients of sunlight J. Ecol. 53(3): 621-42.

Grisez, T. J. 1975. Flowering and seed production in seven hardwood species USDA Forest Serv. Northeastern For. Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NE-315. Upper Darby, PA.

Groome, P. C. 2001. Bacteria found on American chestnut bark and their potential in biocontrol of chestnut blight Arboric. J. 25: 221-234.

Guttman, S. I.; Weigt, L. A. 1989. Electrophoretic evidence of relationships among Quercus (oaks) of eastern North America Canad. J. Bot. 67: 339-351. (French summary)

Gycel, L. W. 1956. Measurement of acorn crops Forest Sci. 2: 305-13.

Gysel, L. W. 1971. A 10-year analysis of beechnut production and use in Michigan J. Wildl. Managem. 35: 516-9.

Gysel, L. W. 1956. Acorn production on good, medium, and poor oak sites in southern Michigan J. Forest. 55: 570-4.

Haines, E. M. 1965. The distribution of Fagus grandifolia in Hutcheson Memorial Forest, New Jersey Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 10: 12-21.

Hane, E. N. 2003. Indirect effects of beech bark disease on sugar maple seedling survival Canad. J. Forest Res. 33: 807-813.

Hane, E. N. 2003. Phytotoxicity of American beech leaf leachate to sugar maple seedlings in a greenhouse experiment Canad. J. Forest Res. 33: 814-821.

Hanna, W. J.; Grant, C. L. 1962. Spectrochemical analysis of the foliage of certain trees and ornamentals for 23 elements Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 89: 293-302.

Hannah, P. R. 1987. Potential of beech and striped maple to dominate regeneration on eastern hardwood sites In: Proceedings of the Central Hardwood Forest Conference, February 24-26, 1987, Knoxville, Tennessee. Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 511-2 pages.

Hanson, P. J.; Isebrands, J. G.; Dickson, R. E. 1987. Carbon budgets of Quercus rubra L. seedlings at selected stages of growth: influence of light In: 6th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, 24-26 Feb. 1987, Knoxville. Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 269-76 pages.

Harcombe, P. A.; White, B. D.; Glitzenstein, J. S. 1982. Factors influencing distribution and first-year survivorship of a cohort of beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) Castanea 47: 148-57.

Hardin, J. W. 1975. Hybridization and introgression in Quercus alba J. Arnold Arbor. 56: 336-63.

Hardin, J. W. 1980. Foliar trichome diversity in Quercus (Fagaceae) {IIn} Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, July 17-24, 1980:228. (Abstract)

Hardin, J. W. 1979. Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, I. Vestiture and trichome types in eastern North American Quercus Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 106: 313-325.

Hardin, J. W. 1976. Terminology and classification of Quercus trichomes J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 92(4): 151-61.

Hardin, J. W. 1979. Quercus prinus L. - nomen ambiguum Taxon 28: 355-357.

Hardin, J. W. 1979. Patterns of variation in foliar trichomes of eastern North American Quercus Amer. J. Bot. 66: 576-585.

Hardin, J. W.; Johnson, G. P. 1985. Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, VIII. Fagus and Castanea (Fagaceae) of eastern North America Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 11-20.

Harrington, C. A.; Karnig, J. J. 1975. Growth increase after moderate thinning in a 70 year old mixed oak stand Black Rock Forest Paper 31: 3-8.

Harris, J. R.; Bassuk, N. L.; Zobel, R. W.; Whitlow, T. H. 1995. Root and shoot growth periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 120: 211-6.

Harrison, J. S.; Werner, P. A. 1984. Colonization by oak seedlings into a heterogeneous successional habitat Canad. J. Bot. 62: 559-63.

Harvey, L. H. 1917. Polyembrony in Quercus Annual Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19: 329-331.

Hauer, R. J.; Dawson, J. O. 1996. Growth and iron sequestering of pin oak (Quercus palustris) seedlings inoculated with soil containing ectomycorrhixal fungi J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 22(3): 122-30.

Healy, W. M. 1997. Influence of deer on the structure and composition of oak forests in central Massachusetts In: The science of overabundance: deer ecology and population management. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 249-66 pages.

Healy, W. M.; Lewis, A. M.; Boose, E. F. 1999. Variation of red oak acorn production Forest Ecol. & Manag. 116: 1-11.

Heaslip, M. B. 1959. Effects of seed irradiation on germination and seedling growth of certain deciduous trees Ecology 40(3): 383-8.

Heit, C. E. 1939. Field germination and propagation of white oak Notes on Forest Investigations No. 33. New York State Conservation Department, Albany, NY.

Held, M. E. 1978. Multivariate analysis of the relationship between environmental variables and reproduction in Fagus grandifolia Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 59: 78.

Held, M. E. 1983. Pattern of beech regeneration in the east-central United States Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 55-62.

Held, M. E. 1980. An analysis of factors related to sprouting and seeding in the occurrence of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American Beech) in the eastern deciduous forest of North America Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio Univ., Athens, OH.

Held, M. E.; Jones Held, S. 1990. Morphological and flavonoid analysis of variation in Fagus grandifolia (Fagaceae) Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 51(1-2): 57-60.

Held, M. E.; Wistendahl, W. A. 1977. An analysis of factors related to reproduction from sprouts and seeds in the occurrence of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American Beech) in Ohio and Kentucky Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 58: 47.

Hengst, G. E.; Dawson, J. O. 1994. Bark properties and fire resistance of selected tree species from the central hardwood region of North America Canad. J. Forest Res. 24: 688-96.

Henry, J. D.; Swan, J. M. A. 1974. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material - an approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire Ecology 55: 772-83.

Hinkley, T. M.; Bruckerhoff, D. M. 1975. The effects of drought on water relations and stem shrinkage of Quercus alba Canad. J. Bot. 53: 62-72.

Hobart-Hampden, A. G. 1933. Notes on beech regeneration Quart. J. Forest. 27: 18-27.

Hochwender, C. 2003. Fitness consequences of herbivory on Quercus alba Amer. Midl. Naturalist 150: 246-253.

Hochwender, C. G.; Sork, V. L.; Marquis, R. J. 2003. Fitness consequences of herbivory on Quercus alba Amer. Midl. Naturalist 150: 246-253.

Holch, A. E. 1931. Development of roots and shoots of certain deciduous tree seedlings in different forest sites Ecology 12(2): 259-98.

Hollick, A. 1907. The chestnut disease on Staten Island Proc. Staten Island Assoc. Arts 2: 125.

Hollick, A. 1924. The Bartram oak J. New York Bot. Gard. 25: 305-313.

Hollick, A. 1888. A recent discovery of hybrid oaks on Staten Island Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 303-9.

Hollick, C. A. 1920. Quercus heterophylla in the Clove valley Proc. Staten Island Assoc. Arts 7: 32-4.

Holt, H. A.; Fischer, B. C. 1979. Regenerating oaks in upland forests Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN.

Hopper, G. M.; Smith, D. W.; Parrish, D. J. 1985. Germination and seedling growth of northern red oak: effects of stratification and pericarp removal Forest Sci. 31: 31-39.

Hornbeck, J. W.; Smith, R. B.; Federer, C. A. 1988. Growth trends in 10 species of trees in New England, 1950-1980 Canad. J. Forest Res. 18: 1337-40.

Hoshaw, R. W.; Guard, A. T. 1949. Abscission of marcescent leaves of Quercus palustris and Q. coccinea Bot. Gaz. 110: 587-93.

Hosner, J. F. 1959. Survival, root, and shoot growth of six bottomland tree species following flooding J. Forest. 57: 927-8.

Hosner, J. F. 1959. Multi-seeded acorns J. Forest. 57: 127.

Hoss, G. 2006. Successful 1-y storage of swamp white acorns Native Plants J. 7: 69-71.

Hoss, G. A. 2004. Propagation protocol for growing bareroot oaks Native Plants J. 5: 167-170.

Hough, A. F.; Forbes, R. D. 1943. The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania Ecol. Monogr. 13: 299-320.

Houle, G. 1994. Spatiotemporal patterns in the components of regeneration of four sympatric tree species- Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula allegheniensis, and Fagus grandifolia J. Ecol. 82: 39-54.

Houston, D. B.; Houston, D. R. 2000. Allozyme genetic diversity among Fagus grandifolia trees resistant or susceptible to beech bark disease in natural populations Canad. J. Forest Res. 30: 778-789.

Houston, D. B.; Houston, D. R. 1994. Variation in American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) isozyme analysis of genetic structure in selected stands Silvae Genet. 43: 277-284.

Houston, D. R. 1985. Dieback and declines of urban trees J. Arboric. 11(3): 65-72.

Huang, H.; Dane, F.; Kubisiak, T. L. 1998. Allozyme and RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity and geographic variation in wild populations of the American chestnut (Fagaceae) Amer. J. Bot. 85: 1013-1021.

Hughes, J. W.; Fahey, T. J. 1988. Seed dispersal and colonization in a disturbed northern hardwood forest Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 115: 89-99.

Hull, J. C.; Wood, S. G. 1984. Water relations of oak species on and adjacent to a Maryland serpentine soil Amer. Midl. Naturalist 112: 224-34.

Hunt, D. M. 1989. A systematic review of Quercus series Laurifoliae, Marilandicae and Nigrae Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Georgia.

Huntwork, J. E. 1994. The majestic American chestnut, A history and cookbook Author, Cadillac, MI.

Hutchinson, A. H. 1918. Limiting factors in relation to specific ranges of tolerance of forest trees Bot. Gaz. 66: 465-93.

Illick, J. S. 1922. The beeches Amer. Forests 28: 546-51.

Illick, J. S. 1922. The white oaks Amer. Forests 28: 586-92.

Irgens-Moller, H. 1955. Forest-tree genetics research: Quercus L Econ. Bot. 9(1): 53-71.

Ivan, J. S.; Swihart, R. K. 2000. Selection of mast by granivorous rodents of the central hardwood forest region Journal of Mammalogy 81: 549-562.

Jack, J. G. 1914. Plural seeds in acorns Rhodora 16: 141-4.

Jackson, B. D. 1910. A note on nomenclature J. Bot. 34: 352-3.

Jackson, J. P. 1979. The biography of a tree Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY. 199 pages.

Jackson, L. W. R.; Driver, C. H. 1969. Morphology of mycorrhizae on deciduous forest tree species Castanea 34: 230-5.

Jacobi, J. C.; Tainter, F. H. 1988. Dendroclimatic examination of white oak along an environmental gradient in the Piedmont of South Carolina Castanea 53: 252-62.

Jacquart, E. M.; Armentano, T. V.; Spingarn, A. L. 1992. Spatial and temporal tree responses to water stress in an old-growth deciduous forest Amer. Midl. Naturalist 127: 158-71.

Janson, L. 1979. Storage of acorns for more than one year Prace Inst. Badawezego Lesnictwa (Poland) 46-65. (In Polish?)

Jaynes, R. A. 1962. Chestnut chromosomes Forest Sci. 8: 372-7.

Jaynes, R. A. 1969. Handbook of North American nut trees Northern Nut Growers Association, Knoxville, TN. 421 pages.

Jaynes, R. A. 1964. Interspecific crosses in the genus Castanea Silvae Genet. 13: 146-54.

Jedlicka, J.; Vandermeer, J. 2004. Gypsy moth defoliation of oak trees and a positive response of red maple and black cherry: an example of indirect interaction Amer. Midl. Naturalist 152: 231-236.

Jensen, Richard J. 1989. The Quercus falcata Michx. complex in Land Between the Lakes, Kentucky and Tennessee: a study of morphological variation Canad. J. Forest Res. 121: 245-55.

Jensen, Richard J. 1988. Assessing patterns of morphological variation of Quercus spp. in mixed-oak communities Amer. Midl. Naturalist 120: 120-35.

Jensen, Richard J. 1995. Identifying oaks: the hybrid problem J. Internatl. Oak Soc. 6: 47-54.

Jensen, Richard J. 1977. Numerical analysis of the scarlet oak complex (Quercus subgen. Erythrobalanus) in the eastern United States: relationships above the species level Syst. Bot. 2(2): 122-33.

Jensen, Richard J. 1983. Cladistics of eastern North American red oaks: testing TreleasÚe hypothesis Amer. J. Bot. 70(5)(suppl.): 118-9.

Jensen, Richard J. 1977. A preliminary numerical analysis of the red oak complex in Michigan and Wisconsin Taxon 26: 399-407.

Jensen, Richard J.; Eshbaugh, W. H. 1976. Numerical taxonomic studies of hybridization in Quercus. I. Populations of restricted areal distribution and low taxanomic diversity Syst. Bot. 1: 1-10.

Jensen, Richard J.; Eshbaugh, W. H. 1976. Numerical taxonomic studies of hybridization in Quercus. II. Populations of wide areal distribution and high taxonomic diversity Syst. Bot. 1: 11-9.

Jester, J. R.; Kramer, P. J. 1939. The effect of length of day on the height growth of certain forest tree seedlings J. Forest. 37(10): 796-803.

Johnson, F. L.; Bell, D. T. 1976. Tree growth and mortality in the streamside forest Castanea 41: 34-41.

Johnson, G. P. 1985. Revision of Castanea sect. Balanocastanon Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

Johnson, G. P. 1988. Revision of Castanea sect. Balanocastanon (Fagaceae) J. Arnold Arbor. 69(1): 25-49. (see also Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC. 1985.)

Johnson, P. S. 1979. Shoot elongation of black oak and white oak sprouts Canad. J. Forest Res. 9: 489-94.

Johnson, P. S.; Hodges, J. D. 1984. Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on seedling physiology and growth problems in oak plantations. 8-9 Feb., 1983. Lafayette, Miss USDA Forest Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN.

Johnson, P. S.; Shifley, S. R.; Rogers, R. 2002. The ecology and silviculture of oaks CABI. 528 pages. (ISBN 0851995705)

Johnson, W. C.; Adkisson, C. S. 1985. Dispersal of beech (Fagus grandifolia) nuts by blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) in fragmented landscapes Amer. Midl. Naturalist 113: 319-24.

Johnson, W. C.; Thomas, L.; Adkisson, C. S. 1993. Dietary circumvention of acorn tannins by blue jays. Implications for oak demography Oecologia 94: 159-64.

Johnson, W. C.; Webb, T. 1989. The role of blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) in the postglacial dispersal of fagaceous trees in eastern North America J. Biogeogr. 16: 561-71.

Jones, J. H. 1986. Evolution of the Fagaceae: the implications of foliar features Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 228-75.

Jones, J. H.; Friedberg, B. L. 1981. A phytogeographic analysis of leaf architectural features of the Fagaceae Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 91: 109. (Abstract)

Jones, R. H. et al. 1994. Woody plant regeneration in four floodplain forests Ecol. Monogr. 64: 345-67.

Jones, R. H.; McLeod, K. W. 1989. Shade tolerance in seedlings of Chines tallow tree, American sycamore, and cherrybark oak Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 371-7.

Jones, R. H.; Raynal, D. J. 1987. Factors influencing the initiation of root sprouts in American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. 16(3): 103.

Jones, R. H.; Raynal, D. J. 1987. Root sprouting in American beech: Production, survival,and the effect of parent vigor Canad. J. Forest Res. 17: 539-44.

Jones, R. H.; Raynal, D. J. 1988. Root sprouting in American beech (Fagus grandifolia): effects of root injury, root exposure, and season Forest Ecol. & Manag. 25: 79-90.

Jones, R. H.; Raynal, D. J. 1986. Spatial distribution and development of root sprouts in Fagus grandifolia (Fagaceae) Amer. J. Bot. 73: 1723-31.

Jones, R. H.; Sharitz, R. R.; McLeod, K. W. 1989. Effects of flooding and root competition on growth of shaded bottomland hardwood seedlings Amer. Midl. Naturalist 121: 165-75.

Jordan, C. F. 1966. Fire-produced discontinuous growth rings in oak Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93: 114-116.

Jurik, T. W. 1986. Temporal and spatial patterns of specific leaf weight in successional northern hardwood tree species Amer. J. Bot. 73(8): 1083-92.

Jurik, T. W.; Weber, J. A.; Gates, D. M. 1988. Effects of temperature and light on photosynthesis of dominant species of a northern hardwood forest Bot. Gaz. 149: 203-8.

Karnig, J. J.; Lyford, W. H. 1968. Oak mortality and drought in the Hudson Highlands Black Rock Forest Paper 29: 1-13.

Karnig, J. J.; Stout, B. B. 1969. Diameter growth of northern red oak following understory control Black Rock Forest Paper 30: 1-8.

Karnosky, D. F. 1981. Chamber and field evaluations of air pollution tolerances of urban trees J. Arboric. 7: 99-105. (Sulphur dioxide, ozone, & oxidants)

Kasmer, J.; Kasmer, P.; Ware, S. 1984. Edaphic factors and vegetation in the piedmont lowland of southeastern Pennsylvania Castanea 49: 147-57.

Kaul, R. B. 1986. Evolution and reproductive biology of inflorescences in Lithocarpus, Castanopsis, Castanea and Quercus (Fagaceae) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 284-96.

Kaul, R. B. 1985. Reproductive morphology of Quercus (Fagaceae) Amer. J. Bot. 72(12): 1962-77.

Kaul, R. B.; Abbe, E. C. 1984. Inflorescence architecture and evolution in the Fagaceae J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 375-401.

Keever, C. 1973. Distribution of major forest species in southeastern Pennsylvania Ecol. Monogr. 43: 303-27.

Kegg, J. D. 1973. Oak mortality caused by repeated gypsy moth defoliation of oak in New Jersey J. Econ. Entomol. 66: 639-41.

Kegg, J. D. 1971. The impact of gypsy moth: repeated defoliation of oak in New Jersey J. Forest. 69(12): 852-4.

Kendig, J. W. 1979. Nomenclatural history of Quercus muehlenbergii Bartonia 46: 45-48.

Kienholz, R. 1941. Seasonal course of height growth in some hardwoods in Connecticut Ecology 22: 249-58.

Killingbeck, K. T. 1985. Autumnal resorption and accretion of trace metals in gallery forest tress Ecology 66: 283-6. (Cu, Fe, Mn, & Zn)

Kim, C.; Sharik, T. L.; Jurgensen, M. F.; Dickson, R. E.; Buckley, D. S. 1996. Effects of nitrogen availability on northern red oak seedling growth in oak and pine stands in northern Lower Michigan Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 1103-11. (French summary)

King, D. A. 2003. Allocation of above-ground growth Is related to light in temperate deciduous saplings Funct. Ecol. 17: 482-488.

Kitamura, K. 2000. Demographic genetic analyses of the American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) I. Genetic substructurings of northern populations with root suckers in Quebec and Pennsylvania. Plant Species Biol. 15: 43-58.

Kitamura, K.; Kawano, S. 2001. Regional differentiation in genetic components for the American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., in relation to geological history and mode of reproduction J. Pl. Res. 114: 353-368.

Kloeppel, B. D.; Kubiske, M. E.; Abrams, M. D. 1994. Seasonal tissue water relations of four successional Pennsylvania barrens species in open and understory environments Int. J. Plant Sci. 155(1): 73-9.

Knapp, A. K. 1992. Leaf gas exchange in Quercus macrocarpa (Fagaceae): rapid stomatal responses to variability in sunlight in a tree growth form Amer. J. Bot. 79: 599-604.

Knapp, A. K.; Carter, G. A. 1998. Variability in leaf optical properties among 26 species from a broad range of habitats Amer. J. Bot. 85: 940-946.

Knops, J. F.; Jensen, Richard J. 1980. Morphological and phenolic variation in a three species community of red oaks Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 107: 418-28.

Kolb, T. E.; Steiner, K. C.; McCormick, L. H.; Bowersox, T. W. 1990. Growth response of northern red oak and yellow-poplar seedlings to light, soil moisture and nutrients in relation to ecological strategy Forest Ecol. & Manag. 38: 65-78.

Korstian, C. F. 1927. Factors controlling germination and early survival of oaks. Bull. Yale Univ. School Forest. 19: 1-115.

Korstian, C. F.; Stickel, P. W. 1927. The natural replacement of blight-killed chestnut in hardwood forests of the northeast J. Agric. Res. 34: 631-48.

Kostel-Hughes, F.; Young, T. P.; Carreiro, M. M.; Wehr, J. D. 1996. Experimental effects of urban and rural forest leaf litter on germination and seedling growth of native and exotic northeastern tree species Society for Ecological Restoration 1996 International Conference. June 17-22, 1996, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. (Abstract)

Kostel-Hughes, F.; Young, T. P.; Wehr, J. D. 2005. Effects of leaf litter depth on the emergence and seedling growth of deciduous forest tree species in relation to seed size J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 50-61.

Kozlowski, T. T. 1943. Transpiration rates of some forest tree species during the dormant season Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 18: 252-60.

Krajicek, J. E. 1955. Rodents influence red oak regeneration USDA Forest Serv., Central States For. Exp. Sta. Note No. 91. 2 pp.

Krajicek, J. E. 1959. Epicormic branching in even-aged, undisturbed white oak stands J. Forest. 57: 372-3.

Krajicek, J. E. 1960. Some factors affecting oak and black walnut reproduction Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 34: 631-4.

Kramer, D. 1995. Oak regeneration Woodland Management Winter: 12-3.

Kramer, P. J. 1943. Amount and duration of growth of various species of tree seedlings Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 18: 239-51.

Kuenzel, J. G.; McGuire, J. R. 1942. Response of chestnut oak reproduction to clear and partial cutting to overstory J. Forest. 40: 238-43.

Kwon, K. W.; Pallardy, S. G. 1989. Temporal changes in tissue water relations of seedlings of Quercus acutissima, Q. alba, and Q. stellata Canad. J. Forest Res. 19: 622-6.

Lacki, M. J. 1985. Variation in radial growth of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) at high elevations in the Great Smoky Mountains Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 398-402.

Lamont, M. L. 1994. The maritime dwarf beech forest on Long Island, New York Long Island Botanical Society Newsletter 4: 33-4.

Langdon, L. M. 1939. Ontogenetic and anatomical studies of the flower and fruit of the Fagaceae and Juglandaceae Bot. Gaz. 101: 301-327.

Langdon, L. M. 1949. The Castaneae, variations of floral and inflorescence morphology. (Abstr.) Amer. J. Bot. 36: 798.

Langdon, L. M. 1927. Anatomy of seedling buds of Quercus Bot. Gaz. 84: 187-98.

Larsen, D. R.; Cecich, R. A. 1997. Model of white oak flower survival and maturation 11th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference, Univ. Missouri, Columbia, MO. March 23-26, 1997. pp. 262-268.

Latham, R. E. 1992. Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance with resources varied experimentally Ecology 73: 2129-44.

Latham, R. E.; Thompson, J. E.; Riley, S. A.; Wibiralske, A. W. 1996. The Pocono till barrens: shrub savanna persisting on soils favoring forest Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 330-49.

Lauriault, J. 1994. The American chestnut (Castanea dentata): A tree almost decimated in a few decades Global Biodiversity 4(2): 12-5.

Lawrey, J. D. 1977. Trace metal accumulation by plant species from a coal strip-mining area in Ohio Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 368-375.

Leak, W. B. 1975. Age distribution in virgin red spruce and northern hardwoods Ecology 56(6): 1451-4.

Leblanc, D. C. 1993. Temporal and spatial variation of oak growth- climate relationships along a pollution gradient in the midwestern United States Canad. J. Forest Res. 23: 772-82.

Ledig, F. T.; Wilson, R. W.; Duffield, J. W. 1969. A discriminant analysis of introgression between Quercus prinus L. and Quercus alba L. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 96: 156-63.

Lei, T. T. 2002. Effects of Rhododendron maximum thickets on tree seed dispersal, seedling morphology, and survivorship Int. J. Plant Sci. 163: 991-1000.

Lemon, P. C. 1961. Forest ecology of ice storms Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 88(1): 21-9.

Lender, A. 1916. Sur la cupule des Fagacees Bull. Soc. Geneve. Ser. 2 8: 161-165.

Leone, I. A.; Flower, F. B.; Arthur, J. J.; Gilman, E. F. 1977. Damage to woody species by anaerobic landfill gases J. Arboric. 3(12): 221-5.

Li, H. L.; Hsaio, J. Y. 1973. A preliminary study of the chemosystematics of American oaks: Phenolic characters of the leaves Bartonia 42: 5-13.

Li, H. L.; Hsaio, J. Y. 1976. A preliminary study of the chemosystematics of American oaks: Characters of staminate catkins Bartonia 44: 8-13.

Li, H. L.; Hsaio, J. Y. 1976. A preliminary study of the chemosystematics of American oaks: Phenolic characters of young twigs Bartonia 44: 14-21.

Li, Hui-Lin.; Hsiao, Ju-Ying 1974. A chemosystematic study of the series Laurifoliae of the red oaks: phenolics of leaves Bartonia 43: 25-8.

Li, J. Q. 1996. On the phylogeny of the Fagaceae Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 597-609. (In Chinese; English summary)

Li, J. Q. 1996. The origin and distribution of the family Fagaceae Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 376-96. (In Chinese; English summary)

Lindroth, R. L.; Kinney, K. K.; Platz, C. L. 1993. Responses of deciduous trees to elevated atmospheric CO2: productivity, phytochemistry, and insect performance Ecology 74: 763-77.

Liu, Y.; Muller, R. N. 1993. Effect of drought and frost on radial growth of overstory and understory stems in a deciduous forest Amer. Midl. Naturalist 129: 19-25.

Ljubic, F. P. 1955. The interaction of root systems of different tree species growing in mixture Agrobiologija 1955: 112-6. (In Russian. Reviewed in Forest. Abstr. 17:37)

Loach, K. 1970. Shade tolerance in tree seedlings. II. Growth analysis of plants raised under artificial shade New Phyt. 69: 273-86.

Loach, K. 1967. Shade tolerance in tree seedlings. I. Leaf photosynthesis and respiration in plants raised under artificial shade New Phyt. 66: 607-21.

Lodhi, M. A. K. 1977. The influence and comparison of individual forest trees on soil properties and possible inhibition of nitrification due to intact vegetation Amer. J. Bot. 64(3): 260-4.

Loftis, D. L.; McGee, C. E. 1993. Oak regeneration: serious problems, practical recommendations USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-84.

Logan, K. T. 1973. Growth of tree seedlings as affected by light intensity V. White ash, beech, eastern hemlock, and general conclusions Canadian For. Serv. Publ. No. 1323. 12 pp.

Long, T. J.; Jones, R. H. 1996. Seedling growth strategies and seed size effects in fourteen oak species native to different soil moisture habitats Trees 11: 1-8.

Lorimer, C. G. 1989. The oak regeneration problem: new evidence on causes and possible solutions For. Res. Anal. No. 8. Madison, WI: Univ. of Wisconsin, Dept. of Forestry. 31 pp.

Lorimer, C. G. 1985. The role of fire in the perpetuation of oak forests In: Proceedings, challenges in oak management and utilization. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 8-25 pages.

Lorimer, C. G. 1981. Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York Canad. J. Forest Res. 11: 689-95.

Lorimer, C. G.; Chapman, J. W.; Lambert, W. D. 1994. Tall understory vegetation as a factor in the poor development of oak seedlings beneath mature stands J. Ecol. 82: 227-37.

Ludlam, K. E.; Jensen, Richard J. 1989. Quantitative variation in leaf morphology within and between pin oak and black oak Michigan Bot. 28(1): 17-31.

Lyford, W. H. 1980. Development of the root system of the northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) Harvard Forest Paper 21: 1-30.

MacDonald, A. D. 1979. Inception of the cupule of Quercus macrocarpa and Fagus grandifolia Canad. J. Bot. 57: 1777-82.

MacDougal, D. T. 1907. Hybridization of wild plants Bot. Gaz. 43: 45-58.

Manning, W. E. 1982. A new record of scarlet oak in southwestern New Hampshire Rhodora 84: 156.

Manos, P. S.; Fairbrothers, D. E. 1987. Allozyme variation in populations of six northeastern American red oaks (Fagaceae: Quercus subg. Erythrobalanus) Syst. Bot. 12: 365-73.

Manos, P. S.; Stanford, A. M. 2001. The historical biogeography of Fagaceae: tracking the Tertiary history of temperate and subtropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere Int. J. Plant Sci. 162: S77-S93.

Manos, P. S.; Zhou, Z. K.; Cannon, C. H. 2001. Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenetic tests of reproductive trait evolution Int. J. Plant Sci. 162: 1361-1379.

Marks, P. L. 1975. On the relation between extension growth and successional status of deciduous trees of the northeastern United States Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 102: 172-7.

Marks, P. L.; Gardescu, S.; Hitzhusen, G. E. 1999. Windstorm damage and age structure in an old growth forest in central New York Northeastern Naturalist 6: 165-176.

Maronek, D. M.; Hendrix, J. W. 1979. Growth acceleration of pin oak seedlings with a mycorrhizal fungus Hortscience 14: 627-8.

Marquez, M. B. 1996. Storing viable oak pollen J. Intern. Oak Soc. 7: 7-9.

Marquis, D. A.; Eckert, P. L.; Roach, B. A. 1976. Acorn weevils, rodents, and deer all contribute to oak-regeneration difficulties in Pennsylvania USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. NE-356. 5pp.

Martin, W. L.; Sharik, T. L.; Oderwald, R. G.; Smith, D. W. 1982. Phytomass: structural relationships for woody plant species in the understory of an Appalachian oak forest Canad. J. Bot. 60: 1923-7.

Martindale, I. C. 1880. Notes on the Bartram Oak Quercus heterophylla Michx privately printed. 24 pp.

Mattoon, W. R. 1909. The origin and early development of chestnut sprouts Forest. Quart. 7: 34-7.

May, J. D. 1990. The relationship of nutrient resorption to the evolutionary fitness and ecological dynamics of a deciduous forest shrub (Quercus ilicifolia) Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Rhode Island, Kingston.

May, J. D.; Killingbeck, K. T. 1995. Effects of herbivore-induced nutrient stress on correlates of fitness and on nutrient resorption in scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) Canad. J. Forest Res. 25: 1858-64. (French summary)

McCarthy, J. J.; Dawson, J. O. 1990. Growth and water use efficiency of Quercus alba, Q. bicolor, Q. imbricaria and Q. palustris seedlings under conditions of reduced soil water availability and solar irradiance Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 83(3-4): 128-48.

McClenahan, J. R.; Hutnik, R. J.; Davis, D. D. 1997. Patterns of northern red oak growth and mortality in western Pennsylvania 11th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference, Univ. Missouri, Columbia, MO. March 23-26, 1997. pp. 386-399.

McClendon, J. H.; McMillen, G. G. 1982. The control of leaf morphology and the tolerance of shade by woody plants Bot. Gaz. 143(1): 79-83.

McComb, A. L. 1934. The relation between acorn weight and the development of one year chestnut oak seedlings J. Forest. 32: 479-84.

McCormick, L. H.; Bowersox, T. W. 1997. Grass or fern competition reduce growth and survival of planted tree seedlings 11th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference, Univ. Missouri, Columbia, MO. March 23-26, 1997. pp. 286-293.

McDonald, R. I.; Peet, R. K.; Urban, D. L. 2002. Environmental correlates of oak decline and red maple increase in the North Carolina Piedmont Castanea 67: 84-95.

McDougal, K. 1983. Geographic variability in flavonoid profiles of red oak, Quercus rubra L Amer. J. Bot. 70(5)(suppl.): 123.

McEuen, A. B.; Steele, M. A. 2005. Atypical acorns appear to allow seed escape after apical notching by squirrels Amer. Midl. Naturalist 154: 450-458.

McGee, C. E. 1979. Fire and other factors related to oak regeneration In: Regenerating oaks in upland forests. Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN. 75-81 pages.

McGraw, J. B.; Gottschalk, K. W.; Vavrek, M. L.; Chester, M. C. 1990. Interactive effects of resource availabilities and defoliation on photosynthesis, growth and mortality of red oak seedlings Tree Physiology 6: 247-54.

McLaughlin, S. B.; Edwards, N. T.; Beauchamp, J. J. 1977. Spatial and temporal patterns in transport and respiratory allocation of [14C]sucrose by white oak (Quercus alba) roots Canad. J. Bot. 55: 2971-2980.

McLaughlin, S. B.; McConathy, R. K. 1979. Temporal and spatial patterns of carbon allocation in the canopy of white oak Canad. J. Bot. 57: 1407-13.

McNamara, E. F. 1960. Sprouting capacity of scrub oak J. Forest. 58: 563-4.

McQuilken, R. A. 1983. Silvical factors affecting the regeneration of oaks and associated species in Pennsylvania In: Proceedings, regenerating hardwood stands: 1983 Penn State forestry issues conderence; 1983 March 15. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 37-56 pages.

McShea, W. J. 2000. The influence of acorn crops on annual variation in rodent and bird populations Ecology 81: 228-238.

McShea, W. J.; Healy, W. M. 2002. Oak forest ecosystems: ecology and management for wildlife Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. 432 pages. (ISBN 0801867452)

Mears, J. A. 1973. Chemical constituents and systematics of Amentiferae Brittonia 25(4): 385-94.

Meehan, T. 1875. Natural hybrids. Quercus heterophylla Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 27: 437-9.

Meekins, J. F.; McCarthy, B. C. 1999. Competitive ability of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, Brassicaceae), an invasive, nonindigenous forest herb Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: 743-752.

Meiners, S. J.; Handel, S. N. 2000. Additive and nonadditive effects of herbivory and competition on tree seedling mortality, growth, and allocation Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1821-1826. (Acer rubrum & Quercus palustris)

Meiners, S. J.; Martinkovic, M. J. 2002. Survival of and herbivore damage to a cohort of Quercus rubra planted across a forest old-field edge Amer. Midl. Naturalist 147: 247-256.

Meiners, S. J.; Pickett, S. T. A.; Handel, S. N. 2002. Probability of tree seedling establishment changes across a forest-old field edge gradient Amer. J. Bot. 89: 466-471.

Melancon, S.; Lechowicz, M. J. 1987. Differences in the damage caused by glaze ice on co-dominant Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia Canad. J. Bot. 65: 1157-9.

Merkle, S. A.; Feret, P. P.; Croxdale, J. G.; Sharik, T. L. 1980. Development of the floral primordia in white oak Forest Sci. 26(2): 238-50.

Merritt, C. 1979. An overview of oak regeneration problems In: Regenerating oaks in upland forests. Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN. 1-10 pages.

Merritt, C.; Pope, P. E. 1991. The effect of environmental factors, including wildfire and prescribed burning, on the regeneration of oaks in Indiana West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 612. 52 pp.

Meurer-Grimes, B. 1995. New evidence for the systematic significance of acylated spermidines and flavonoids in pollen of higher Hamamelidae Brittonia 47(2): 130-42.

Michaux, A. 1801. Histoire des chenes de l'Amerique

Mikan, C. J.; Abrams, M. D. 1996. Mechanisms inhibiting the forest development of historic charcoal hearths in southeastern Pennsylvania Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 1893-8. (French summary)

Mikan, C. J.; Orwig, D. A.; Abrams, M. D. 1994. Age structure and successional dynamics of a presettlement-origin chesnut oak forest in the Pennsylvania Piedmont Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121: 13-23.

Miller, E. S. 1885. Quercus nigra Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 115-116.

Millet, J. 1998. Plagiotropic architectural development of four tree species of the temperate forest Canad. J. Bot. 76: 2100-2118.

Minckler, L. S. 1957. Silvical characteristics of white oak Forest Serv., Central States Forest Exp. Sta. Misc. Release 21. 18 pp.

Minckler, L. S. 1957. Silvical characteristics of pin oak Forest Serv., Central States Forest Exp. Sta. Misc. Release 20. 10 pp.

Minckler, L. S. 1956. Response of pole-sized white oak trees to release J. Forest. 55: 814-5.

Minckler, L. S.; Jensen, C. E. 1959. Reproduction of upland central hardwoods as affected by cutting, topography, and litter depth J. Forest. 57: 424-8.

Mogensen, H. L. 1965. A contribution to the anatomical development of the acorn in Quercus L. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 40: 221-55.

Mogensen, H. L. 1975. Ovule abortion in Quercus (Fagaceae) Amer. J. Bot. 62(2): 160-5.

Mohler, C. L. 1990. Co-occurrence of oak subgenera: implications for niche differentiation Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117: 247-55.

Monk, C. D.; Imm, D. W.; Potter, R. L. 1990. Oak forests of eastern North America Castanea 55: 77-96.

Moore, T. R.; DuBreuil, M. A. 1987. The neutralization of acid precipitation by beech and maple stands in southern Quebec Naturaliste Canad. 114(4): 449-57.

Morris, A. B.; Small, R. L.; Cruzan, M. B. 2004. Variation in frequency of clonal reproduction among populations of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. in response to disturbance Castanea 69: 38-51.

Morris, R. T. 1914. Chestnut blight resistance J. Heredity 5: 26-9.

Moseley, M. F. 1973. Vegatative anatomy and morphology of Amentiferae Brittonia 25(4): 356-70.

Muller, C. H. 1952. Ecological control of hybridization in Quercus: a factor in the mechanism of evolution Evolution 6: 147-61.

Muller, C. H. 1942. The problem of genera and subgenera in the oaks Chron. Bot. 7: 12-14.

Muller, C. H. 1941. Hybridism, ecotypes, and peripheral race variants in Quercus Amer. J. Bot. 28 (suppl.): 17s (abstr.).

Muller, C. H.; McVaugh, R. 1972. The oaks (Quercus) described by NÚe (1801), and by Humboldt and Bonpland (1809), with comments on related species Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 9: 507-522.

Murrill, W. A. 1906. A serious chestnut disease J. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 143-53.

Musselman, R. C.; Gautherum, G. E. 1969. Effects of light and moisture on red oak seedlings Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 43: 273-84.

Myster, R. W. 1994. Contrasting litter effects on old field tree germination and emergence Vegetatio 114: 169-174.

Myster, R. W. 1993. Effects of litter, distance, density and vegetation patch type on postdispersal tree seed predation in old fields Oikos 66: 381-388.

Naidu, S. L.; Delucia, E. H. 1997. Growth, allocation and water relations of shade-grown Quercus rubra L. sapling exposed to a late-season canopy gap Ann. Bot. 80: 335-44.

Neely, D. 1973. Pin oak chlorosis J. Forest. 71: 340-2.

Neely, D.; Himelick, E. B. 1967. Characteristics and nomenclature of the oak anthracnose fungus Phytopathology 67: 1230-6.

Nelson, J. B. 1993. Noteworthy Collections, South Carolina Castanea 58: 59-63.

Nelson, R. M. 1932. Growth and mortality of chestnut sprouts J. Forest. 30: 872-3.

Nichols, J. O. 1968. Oak mortality in Pennsylvania: A ten year study J. Forest. 66(9): 681-94.

Nilsen, E. T. 1999. Inhibition of seedling survival under Rhododendron maximum (Ericaceae): could allelopathy be a cause? Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1597-1605.

Nixon, Kevin C. 1989. Phylogeny and systematics of the oaks New York Food Life Sci. Quart. 19(2): 7-10.

Nixon, Kevin C. 1993. Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names Ann. Sci. Forest. 50(Suppl.): 25-34.

Nixon, Kevin C.; Crepet, W. L. 1985. Preliminary phylogenetic reconstruction of Quercus at subgeneric and sectional levels Amer. J. Bot. 72: 934-5.

Njiti, C. F.; Kung, F. H.; McCurdy, D. R. 1985. A comparison of heat energy models between scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) and black oak (Quercus velutina) Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 78: 143-7.

Norby, R. J.; O'Neill, E. G.; Luxmoore, R. J. 1986. Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the growth and mineral nutrition of Quercus alba seedlings in nutrient-poor soil Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 82: 83-9.

Northeastern Center for Forest Health Research. 1996. Oaks WWW site, USDA, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Hamden, CT. ()

Northeastern Center for Forest Health Research. 1996. Northern hardwoods- beech and maple WWW site, USDA, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Hamden, CT. ()

Norwacki, G. J.; Abrams, M. D. 1994. Forest composition, structure, and disturbance history of the Alan Seeger Natural Area, Huntington County, Pennsylvania Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121(3): 277-91.

Nowacki, G. J.; Abrams, M. D. 1994. Forest composition, structure, and disturbance history of the Alan Seeger Natural Area, Huntington County, Pennsylvania Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121: 277-91.

Nowacki, G. J.; Abrams, M. D.; Lorimer, C. G. 1990. Composition, structure, and historical development of northern red oak stands along an edaphic gradient in north-central Wisconsin Forest Sci. 36: 276-92.

Nyland, R. D.; Abrahamson, L. P.; Adams, K. B. 1983. Use of prescribed fire for regenerating red and white oak in New York In: America's hardwood forests- opportunities unlimited. Proceedings of the 1982 convention of the Socie. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD. 163-7 pages.

Oh, K. C. 1965. The sampling, pattern, and survival of the higher elevation beech in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 121 p.

Okamoto, M. 1989. New interpretation of the inflorescence of Fagus drawn from the developmental study of Fagus crenata, with description of an extremely monstrous cupule Amer. J. Bot. 76(1): 14-22.

Okamoto, M. 1976. Seedling morphology of the Fagaceae Bull. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist. 30: 11-8. (In Japanese; English summary)

Okamoto, M. 1989. A comparative study of the ontogenetic development of the cupules in Castanea and Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) Pl. Syst. Evol. 168(1-2): 7-18.

Okamoto, M. 1982. A consideration on the cupules of the Fagaceae Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 33: 321-7. (In Japanese; English summary)

Okamoto, M. 1991. Evolutionary trends in the inflorescences and cupules of the northern Fagaceae Bull. Osaka Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 33-48. (In English; Japanese summary)

Oliver, C. D. 1975. The development of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in mixed species, even-age stands in central New England Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT. 223 p.

Oliver, C. D. 1978. The development of northern red oak in mixed stands in central New England Yale University: School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Bull. No. 91. 63 pp.

Olson, D. F.; Boyce, S. G. 1971. Factors affecting acorn production and germination and early growth of seedlings and seedling sprouts In: Oak symposium proceedings. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern For. Exp. Sta., Upper Darby, PA. 44-8 pages.

Olsvig, L. S. 1980. A comparative study of northeastern pine barrens vegetation Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 479 p.

Osborn, J. M.; Taylor, T. N. 1990. Morphological and ultrastructural studies of plant cuticular membranes. I. Sun and shade leaves of Quercus velutina (Fagaceae) Bot. Gaz. 151(4): 465-76.

Ostrofsky, W. D.; Blanchard, R. O. 1984. Variation in bark characteristics of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) Canad. J. Bot. 62: 1564-6.

Overlease, W. R. 1975. Population studies of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw.) Proc. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 49: 138-40.

Overlease, W. R. 1964. A study of variation in the red oak group in Michigan and nearby states Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. 191 p.

Overlease, W. R. 1975. A study of variation in black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.)populations from unglaciated Indiana to the range limits in northern Michigan Proc. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 49(2): 141-4.

Paillet, F. L. 1984. Growth-form and ecology of American chestnut sprout clones in northeastern Massachusetts Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 316-28.

Paillet, F. L. 1982. Ecological significance of American chestnut in the Holocene forests of Connecticut Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109(4): 457-73.

Paillet, F. L. 1988. Character and distribution of American chestnut sprouts in southern New England woodlands Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 115: 32-44.

Paillet, F. L. 1993. Growth form and life histories of American chestnut and Allegheny and Ozark chinquapin at various North American sites Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120: 257-68.

Paillet, F. L. 2002. Chestnut: History and ecology of a transformed species J. Biogeogr. 29: 1517-1530.

Paillet, F. L.; Rutter, P. A. 1989. Replacement of native oak and hickory tree species by the introduced American chesnut Castanea dentata in southwestern Wisconsin, USA Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3457-69.

Palik, B.J.; Pregitzer, K. S. 1995. Varibility in early height growth rate of forest trees: implications for retrospective studies of stand dynamics Canad. J. Forest Res. 25: 767-76. (French summary)

Pallardy, S. G.; Rhoads, J. L. 1993. Morphological adaptations to drought in seedlings of deciduous angiosperms Canad. J. Forest Res. 23: 1766-74.

Palmer, E. J. 1942. The red oak complex in the United States Amer. Midl. Naturalist 27: 732-40.

Palmer, E. J. 1943. Quercus prinus Amer. Midl. Naturalist 29: 783-4.

Palmer, E. J. 1948. Hybrid oaks of North America J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 1-48.

Pammel, L. H.; King, C. M. 1917. The germination and juvenile forms of some oaks Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 24: 367-98.

Parker, G. G. 1993. Decline of understory American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in a southern Appalachian forest Canad. J. Forest Res. 23: 259-265.

Parker, J. 1977. Phenolics in black oak bark and leaves J. Chem. Ecol. 3: 489-96.

Parker, J. 1968. Drought resistance of roots of white ash, sugar maple, and red oak USDA Forest Serv., Res. Pap. NE-95. 9 pp.

Parrish, J. A. D.; Bazzaz, F. A. 1982. Niche responses of early and late successional tree seedlings on three resource gradients Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109(4): 451-6.

Paul, B. H. 1939. Shrinkage of white oak as affected by position in the tree J. Forest. 37(7): 572-3.

Petersen, F. P.; Fairbrothers, D. E. 1985. A serotaxonomic appraisal of the "Amentiferae" Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 43-52.

Phares, R. E. 1971. Growth of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in relation to light and nutrients Ecology 52(4): 669-72.

Piatnitsky, S. S. 1960. Evolving new forms of oak by hybridization In: Fifth World Forestry Congress. Vol. 2. Seattle. 815-8 pages.

Piatnitsky, S. S. 1934. Experiments on self-pollination of Larix, Acer, and Quercus Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 4: 297-318.

Piovesan, G.; Adams, J. M. 2001. Masting behavior in beech: linking reproduction and climatic variation Canad. J. Bot. 79: 1039-1047.

Poage, N. J. 1987. The radial growth response of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) to canopy gaps at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, N.H Senior Honors Thesis, Dartmouth. 56 p.

Poage, N. J.; Peart, D. R. 1993. The radial growth response of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) to small canopy gaps in a northern hardwood forest Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120: 45-8.

Potente, J. 2003. Retrieving the American chestnut Long Island Botanical Society Newsletter 13: 1, 4-11.

Poulson, T. L.; Platt, W. J. 1996. Replacement patterns of beech and sugar maple in Warren Woods, Michigan Ecology 77: 1234-53.

Pregitzer, K. S. 2002. Fine root architecture of nine North American trees Ecol. Monogr. 72: 293-309.

Qui, Y. L. 1998. Phylogenetics of the Hamamelidae and their allies: parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL Int. J. Plant Sci. 159: 891-905.

Racine, C. H. 1971. Reproduction of three species of oak in relation to vegetational and environmental gradients in the southern Blue Ridge Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 98: 297-310. (Q. coccinea, montana, rubra)

Rankin, W. T.; Pickett, S. T. A. 1989. Time of establishment of red maple (Acer rubrum) in early oldfield succession Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 182-6. (Also Carya, Juniperus, Nyssa, Prunus, & Quercus)

Reade, M. G. 1965. Natural regeneration of beech Quart. J. Forest. 59: 152-161.

Rebuck, A. L. 1952. An onotgenetic study of the pistillate flower and inflorescence of Quercus alba L Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State Univ..

Reece, P. L.; Glenn, C. T. 1938. The morphology of the flowers and inflorescences of the Fagaceae Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Reed, C. A.; Morris, R. T. 1924. Why is the American Beech nut not developed? Amer. Nut J. 21: 73.

Reed, J. L. 1996. Patterns of chemical variation in the foliage and fruit of two oak species (Quercus prinus and Q. velutina) by genotype and slope aspect in a southeastern Ohio forest M.S. Thesis, Ohio University, Athens, OH.

Reed, J. L.; McCarthy, B. C. 1996. Patterns of leaf tannin variation in chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) and black oak (Quercus velutina) with respect to topography in a southeatern Ohio oak-hickory forest Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123(3): 243-8.

Rehder, A. A. 1907. Some new or little known forms of New England trees Rhodora 9: 109-17.

Rehder, A. A. 1901. Notes on hybrids of Quercus ilicifolia Rhodora 3: 137-40 + 1 plate. (see Sargent, Silva N. Am. 8, p, 156)

Reich, P. B. et al. 1985. Effects of O3, SO2, and acidic rain on mycorrhizal infection in northern red oak seedlings Canad. J. Bot. 63: 2049-55.

Reich, P. B.; Abrams, M. D.; et al. 1990. Fire affects ecophysiology and community dynamics of central Wisconsin oak forest regeneration Ecology 71: 2179-90.

Reich, P. B.; Schoettle, A. W.; Amundson, R. G. 1986. Effects of ozone and acid rain on photosynthesis and growth in sugar maple and northern red oak seedlings Environm. Pollut., A. 40: 1-15.

Reich, P. B.; Teskey, R. O.; Johnson, P. S.; Hinckley, T. M. 1980. Periodic root and shoot growth in oak Forest Sci. 26: 590-8.

Reid, C. D.; Strain, B. R. 1994. Effects of CO2 enrichment on whole-plant carbon budget of seedlings of Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum in low irradiance Oecologia 98: 31-9.

Reiners, W. A. 1967. Relationships between vegetational strata in the pine barrens of central Long Island, New York Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 94: 87-99.

Rhoads, A. F. 1976. Forest species show a delayed response to cement dust in the soil J. Arboric. 2(10): 197-9.

Rhoads, A. F.; Meyer, P. W.; Sanfelippo, R. 1981. Performance of urban street trees evaluated J. Arboric. 7: 127-132.

Rice, H. P. 1948. A rough-barked American beech J. Forest. 46: 48.

Richardson-Calfee, L. E. 2001. Effects of extended photoperiod and light quality on growth of Carpinus caroliniana, Fagus grandifolia and Gymnocladus dioicus seedlings J. Environ. Hort. 19: 171-174.

Ricklefs, R. E.; Matthew, K. K. 1982. Chemical characteristics of the foliage of some deciduous trees in southeastern Ontario Canad. J. Bot. 60: 2037-45.

Rink, G.; Williams, R. D. 1984. Storage technique affects white oak acorn viability Tree Pl. Notes 35: 3-5.

Roberts, B. R. 1980. Trees as biological filters J. Arboric. 6(1): 20-3. (Sulphur dioxide & ozone)

Robinson, B. L. 1908. Notes on some plants of the northeastern America Rhodora 10: 46-55.

Romashov, N. V. 1957. Laws governing fruiting in oak Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenengrad) 42: 41-56.

Rooney, T. P.; Dress, W. J. 1997. Patterns of plant diversity in overbrowsed primary and mature secondary hemlock-northern hardwood forest stands J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 43-51.

Rowlee, W. A.; Nichols, S. P. 1900. The taxonomic value of the staminate flowers of some of the oaks Bot. Gaz. 29: 35335.

Rowlee, W. W.; Hastings, G. T. 1898. The seeds and seedlings of some Amentiferae Bot. Gaz. 26: 349-53.

Rubino, D. L.; McCarthy, B. C. 2000. Dendroclimatological analysis of white oak (Quercus alba L., Fagaceae) from an old-growth forest of southeastern Ohio, USA J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127: 240-250.

Rudkin, W. H. 1880. A large chestnut tree Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 7: 81.

Rudnicky, J. L.; McDonnell, M. J. 1989. Forty-eight years of canopy change in a hardwood-hemlock forest in New York City Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 52-64.

Rudolf, P. O. 1929. A study of the seedling root systems of certain forest trees M.S. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 60 p.

Rushmore, F. J. 1961. Silvical characteristics of beech (Fagus grandifolia) USDA Forest Serv., Northeast Forest Exp. Stat. Pap. 161.

Russell, E. W. B. 1987. Pre-blight distribution of Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 114: 183-90.

Russell, N. H. 1953. The beech gaps of the Great Smoky Mountains Ecology 34: 366-74.

Sain, R. E.; Blum, K. E. 1981. Seedling production in the high-elevation beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) forests of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Castanea 46: 217-24.

Sakai, A.; Weiser, C. J. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions Ecology 54: 118-26.

Samson, A. W.; Samisch, R. 1935. Growth and seasonal changes in composition of oak leaves Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 10: 739-51.

Sander, I. L.; Rosen, H. N. 1985. Oak (Quercus L.) USDA, Forest Service Am. Wood FS-247: 1-11.

Sands, S. 1991. The American beech Amer. Horticulturist 70(12): 37-9.

Santamour, F. S. 1983. Woody-plant succession in the urban forest: filling cracks and crevices J. Arboric. 9(10): 267-70. (Woody spp. on abandoned brick kilns)

Santamour, F. S. 1983. Cambial peroxidase patterns in Quercus related to taxonomic classification and graft compatability Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 280-6.

Santamour, F. S.; Schreiner, E. J. 1961. Juvenile variation in five white oak species Morris Arbor. Bull. 12: 37-46.

Sargent, C. S. 1915. Three of Clayton's oaks in the British Museum Rhodora 17: 39-40.

Sargent, C. S. 1916. The name of the red oak Rhodora 18(206): 45-8.

Sargent, C. S. 1895. Cupuliferae Silva N. Am. 8-9: 8:1-190, 9:1-30.

Sargent, C. S. 1889. Notes upon some North American trees- XII. 277. Quercus falcata Gard. & Forest 2: 471.

Sargent, C. S. 1895. Notes on North American oaks Gard. & Forest 8: 92-3.

Sargent, C. S. 1918. Notes on North American trees. I. Quercus Bot. Gaz. 65: 423-59.

Sax, H. L. 1930. Chromosome numbers in Quercus J. Arnold Arbor. 11: 220-3.

Schaal, K. 1996. Mulch, fertilizer stimulate growth of white oak seedlings Restor. Manag. Notes 14(1): 75.

Schlarbaum, S. E.; Adams, R. P.; Bagley, W. T.; Wayne, W. J. 1982. Postglacial migration pathways of Quercus rubra L., northern red oak, as indicated by regional genetic variation patterns Silvae Genet. 31: 150-8.

Scholz, H. F. 1937. The effect of soil texture upon the growth of red and chestnut oaks Black Rock Forest Paper 1(11): 75-9.

Scholz, H. F. 1955. Growth of northern red oak seedlings under variable conditions of ground cover competition USDA Forest Serv., Forest Exp. Sta. Tech. Note LS-430. 2 pp.

Schroeder, W. R.; Walker, D. S. 1987. Effects of moisture content and storage temperature on germination of Quercus macrocarpa acorns J. Environ. Hort. 5: 22-24.

Schuler, T. M.; Gillespie, A. R. 2000. Temporal patterns of woody species diversity in a central Appalachian forest from 1856 to 1997 J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127: 149-161.

Schwadron, P. A. 1995. Distribution and persistence of American Chestnut sprouts, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., in northeastern Ohio woodlands Ohio J. Science 95: 281-288.

Schwarz, O. 1936. Entwurf zu einem naturlichen System der Cupuliferen und die Gattung Quercus L Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 13: 1-22. (In German)

Schwarzmann, J. F.; Gerhold, H. D. 1991. Genetic structure and mating system of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Pennsylvania Forest Sci. 37: 1376-89.

Scott, T. G. 1955. Dietary patterns of red and gray foxes Ecology 36: 366-7.

Sears, P. B. 1942. Postglacial migration of five forest genera Amer. J. Bot. 29: 684-91.

Semel, B. 1984. Oak reproductive success: interactions among mast, insects, and animals M.S. Thesis, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.

Sharp, W. M. 1958. Evaluating mast yields in the oaks Pennsylvania State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 635. 22 pp.

Sharp, W. M.; Chisman, H. H. 1961. Flowering and fruiting in the white oaks. I. Staminate flowering through pollen dispersal Ecology 42: 365-372.

Sharp, W. M.; Sprague, V. G. 1967. Flowering and fruiting in the white oaks. Pistillate flowering, acorn development, weather, and yields Ecology 48: 243-251.

Sharpe, W. E. 1999. Greenhouse and field growth of northern red oak seedlings inside different types of treeshelters J. Arboric. 25: 249-257.

Shelford, V. E. 1963. The ecology of North America Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. 610 pages. ({IQuercus} associations)

Shigo, A. L. 1972. The beech bark disease today in the northeastern U.S J. Forest. 70(5): 286-9.

Shigo, A. L. 1976. The beech bark disease J. Arboric. 2(2): 21-5.

Short, H. L. 1976. Composition and squrrel use of acorns of black and white oak groups J. Wildl. Managem. 40: 479-487.

Silliman, F. E.; Leisner, R. S. 1958. An analysis of a colony of hybrid oaks Amer. J. Bot. 45: 730-6.

Simini, M.; Skelly, J. M.; Davis, D. D.; Savage, J. E. 1992. Sensitivity of four hardwood species to ambient ozone in north central Pennsylvania Canad. J. Forest Res. 22: 1789-99.

Sinclair, W. A. 1964. Comparisons of recent declines of white ash, oaks and sugar maple in northeastern woodlands Cornell Plantations 20: 62-7.

Smith, C. C.; Follmer, D. 1972. Food preferences of squirrels Ecology 53: 82-91.

Smith, C. P. 1914. Plurality of seeds in acorns of Quercus prinus Rhodora 16: 41-2.

Smith, K. T.; Sutherland, E. K. 1999. Fire-scar formation and compartmentalization in oak Canad. J. Forest Res. 29: 166-171.

Smith, L. L.; Vankat, J. L. 1991. Communities and tree seedling distribution in Quercus rubra and Prunus serotina dominated forests in southwestern Pennsylvania Amer. Midl. Naturalist 126: 294-307.

Smith, M.; Parker, N. 2005. Quercus montana (Fagaceae), new to Missouri Sida 21: 1921-1922.

Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Solomon, A. M. 1983. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy of red oaks in eastern North America Amer. J. Bot. 70(4): 495-507.

Solomon, A. M. 1983. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy of white oaks in eastern North America Amer. J. Bot. 70(4): 481-94.

Solomon, D. S.; Leak, W. B. 1994. Migration of tree species in New England based on elevational and regional analysis USDA, Forest Service, Northeast Forest Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NE-688. 9 pp.

Sork, V. L. 1984. Examination of seed dispersal and survival in red oak, Quercus rubra (Fagaceae), using metal-tagged acorns Ecology 65: 1020-2.

Sork, V. L.; Bramble, J. E. 1993. Prediction of acorn crops in three species of North American oaks: Quercus alba, Q. rubra and Q. velutina Annales des Sciences Forestieres 50: 128-136.

Sork, V. L.; Bramble, J.; Sexton, O. 1993. Ecology of mast-fruiting in three species of North American deciduous oaks Ecology 74: 528-41.

Sork, V. L.; Stowe, K. A.; Hochwender, C. 1993. Evidence for local adaptation in closely adjacent sub-populations of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) expressed as resistance to leaf herbivores Amer. Naturalist 142(6): 928-35.

Spring, P. E. 1973. Population dynamics of Quercus prinus L., Acer rubrum L. and Cornus florida L. in a forested ecosystem M.S. Thesis, Univ. Georgia, Athens. 55 p.

St. George, S.; Nielsen, E. 2002. Hydroclimatic change in southern Manitoba since A.D. 1409 inferred from tree rings Quatern. Res. 58: 103-111.

Stafford, P. J. 1988. Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae An international symposium. University of Reading 22nd-25th March 1988. Systematics Association.

Stairs, G. R. 1964. Effects of chronic and acute gamma irradiation of male flower buds and mature pollen in Quercus Forest Sci. 10: 397-409.

Stairs, G. R. 1964. Microsporogenesis and embryogenesis in Quercus Bot. Gaz. 125: 115-121.

Staley, J. M. 1965. Decline and mortality of red and scarlet oaks Forest Sci. 11: 2-17.

Staley, J. M. 1962. An investigation of the decline and mortality of red, black, and scarlet oaks Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 260 p.

Stalter, R. 1982. Production of viable seed by the American beech (Fagus grandifolia) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109: 542-4.

Stalter, R.; Serrao, J. 1983. The impact of defoliation by gypsy moths on the oak forests at Greenbrook Sanctuary Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 526-9.

Stapanian, M. A.; Smith, C. C. 1984. Density-dependent survival of scatterhoarded nuts an experimental approach Ecology 65: 1387-1396.

Stebbins, G. L. Jr.; Matzke, E. B.; Epling, C. 1947. Hybridization in a population of Quercus marilandica and Quercus ilicifolia Evolution 1: 79-88.

Steele, M. A.; Knowles, T.; Bridle, K.; Simms, E. L. 1993. Tannins and partial consumption of acorns: implications for dispersal of oaks by seed predators Amer. Midl. Naturalist 130: 229-238.

Steen, D. A. et al. 1996. The big trees of Michigan. 13. Quercus macrocarpa L Michigan Bot. 35: 26-8.

Stemple, R. B.; Tryon, E. H. 1973. Effect of coal smoke and resulting fly ash on site quality and radial increment of white oak Castanea 38: 396-406.

Stephenson, S. L.; Mills, H. H. 1999. Contrasting vegetation of noses and hollows in the Valley and Ridge province, southwestern Virginia J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 197-212.

Stern, W. L. 1973. Development of the amentiferous concept Brittonia 25(4): 316-33.

Stier, S. L.; Jones, J. H. 1981. A comprehensive study of select stomatal complex features in the Fagaceae Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 91: 111.

Stilwell, K. L. 2003. Heterozygote advantage in the American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Fagaceae) Amer. J. Bot. 90: 207-213.

Stoll, R. J. 1980. Foods of ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus in Ohio USA Ohio Fish Wildlife Rep. 1980: 1-18.

Stone, D. E. 1973. Patterns in the evolution of amentiferous fruits Brittonia 25(4): 371-84.

Stout, A. B. 1928. Dichogamy in flowering plants Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 55: 141-53.

Stout, A. B. 1926. Why are chestnuts self-fruitless? J. New York Bot. Gard. 27: 154-8.

Stowe, K. A.; Sork, V. L.; Farrell, A. W. 1994. Effect of water availability on the phenotypic expression of herbivore resistance in northern red oak seedlings (Quercus rubra L.) Oecologia 100(3): 309-15.

Struve, D. K. 2006. Growth and water use characteristics of six eastern North American oak (Quercus) species and the implications for urban forestry Arbor. Urban For. 32: 202-213.

Sudworth, G. B. 1892. On the name of the American chestnut Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 152-4.

Sullivan, J. 1994. Castanea pumila The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Suszka, B.; Tylkowski, T. 1981. Storage of acorns of the northern red oak over 1-5 winters Arbor. Kornickie 26: 253-306.

Sutton, D. D. 1975. Mature embryo dimensions in relation to classification of oaks (Quercus; Fagaceae) Michigan Academician 7(3): 303-13.

Sutton, D. D.; Mogensen, H. L. 1971. Systematic implications of leaf primordia in the mature embryo of Quercus Phytomorphology 20: 88-91.

Svenson, H. K. 1939. Quercus rubra once more Rhodora 41(491): 521-4.

Tainter, F. H.; Fraedrich, S. W.; Benson, D. M. 1984. The effect of climate on growth, decline, and death of northern red oak in the western North Carolina Nantahala Mountains Castanea 49: 127-37.

Tainter, F. H.; Retzlaff, W. A.; Starkey, D. A.; Oak, S. W. 1990. Decline of radial growth in red oaks is associated with short-term changes in climate Eur. J. Forest Pathol. 20: 95-105.

Tang, Z. C.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1982. Some physiological and morphological responses of Quercus macrocarpa seedlings to flooding Canad. J. Forest Res. 12: 196-202.

Tattar, T. A. 1996. Biocontrol of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica Arboric. J. 20: 449-469.

Telfer, E. S. 1969. Weight-diameter relationships for 22 woody plant species Canad. J. Bot. 47: 1851-5.

Thomas, R. B. 1982. Invasion of beech into a high elevation bald at Craggy Gardens, North Carolina M.S. Thesis, Western Carolina Univ., Cullowhee, NC. 57 p.

Thomas, R. B.; Pittillo, J. D. 1987. Invasion of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. into a Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. heath bald at Craggy Gardens, North Carolina Castanea 52: 157-65.

Thomas, W. A. 1975. Accumulation of rare earths and circulation of cerium by mockernut hickory trees Canad. J. Bot. 53(12): 1159-65. (Also Acer, Liriodendron, Nyssa, & Quercus)

Thompson, J. R.; Schultz, R. C.; Van Sambeek, J. W. 1992. Proceedings of the 5th workshop on seedling physiology and growth problems in oak plantations. 4-5 March 1992, Ames, Iowa USDA Forest Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN.

Thompson, P. M. 1977. Quercus introgressa, a new hybrid oak Rhodora 79: 453-464.

Thomson, P. M.; Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1979. Foliar trichomes of Quercus subgenus Quercus in eastern United States J. Arnold Arbor. 60(3): 350-66.

Thorn1. 1973. The "Amentiferae" or Hamamelidae as an artificial group: a summary treatment Brittonia 25(4): 395-405.

Tiffney, B. H. 1986. Fruit and seed dispersal and the evolution of the Hamamelidae Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 394-416.

Tillson, A. H.; Muller, C. H. 1942. Anatomical and taxonomic approaches to subgeneric segregation in American Quercus Amer. J. Bot. 29: 523-9.

Tippo, O. 1938. Comparative anatomy of the Moraceae and their presumed allies Bot. Gaz. 100: 1-99.

Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus muehlenbergii The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Tirmenstein, D. A. 1988. Quercus macrocarpa The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus alba The Fire Effects Information System WWW site; USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory; Missoula, MT; Fischer,WC compiler. ()

Tobiessen, P.; Werner, M. B. 1980. Hardwood seedling survival under plantations of scotch pine and red pine in central New York Ecology 61(1): 25-9.

Tomlinson, P. T.; Jensen, Richard J.; Hancock, J. F. 2000. Do whole tree silvic characters indicate hybridization in red oak (Quercus Section Lobatae)? Amer. Midl. Naturalist 143: 154-168.

Trelease, W. 1924. The American oaks Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 20: 1-255. (Reprint 1969 by Verlag von Cramer, Lehre, Germany; publ. as vol. 4 of Plant Monograph Repints, ed. J)

Trimble, G. R. 1960. Relative diameter growth rates of five upland oaks in West Virginia J. Forest. 58: 111-5. (Q. alba, coccinea, montana, rubra, & velutina)

Tryon, E. H.; Carvell, K. L. 1962. Acorn production and damage West Virginia Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 466T. 18pp.

Tryon, E. H.; True, R. P. 1966. Effect of spring freeze on radial increment of American beech at different elevations J. Forest. 64(9): 625-7.

Tryon, E. H.; True, R. P. 1968. Radial increment response of Appalachian hardwood species to a spring freeze J. Forest. 66(6): 488-91.

Turkel, H. S. 1950. An ontogenetic study of the inflorescences of Quercus alba to the time of pollination M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State College, University Park, PA.

Turkel, H. S.; Rebuck, A. L.; Grove, A. R. 1955. Floral morphology of white oak Pennsylvania State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 593. 14 pp.

Tyree, M. T.; Cheung, Y. N. S. 1977. Resistance to water flow in Fagus granfifolia leaves Canad. J. Bot. 55(20): 2591-9.

USDA Forest Service. 1970. The silviculture of oaks and associated species USDA Forest Serv., Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta. Research Paper NE-144. 66 pp. Upper Darby, PA.

Vaartaja, O. 1961. Demonstration of photoperiodic ecotypes in Liriodendron and Quercus Canad. J. Bot. 39: 649-54.

Vaartaja, O. 1959. Evidence of photoperiodic ecotypes in trees Ecol. Monogr. 29: 91-111.

Vaitkus, M. R. et al. 1993. Growth and photosythesis of seedlings of five bottomland tree species following nutrient enrichment Amer. Midl. Naturalist 129: 42-51.

van Dersal, W. R. 1940. Utilization of oaks by birds and mammals J. Wildl. Managem. 4: 404-28.

Van Sambeek, J. W.; Larson, M. M. 1990. Proceedings of the 4th workshop on seedling physiology and growth problems in oak plantations. 1-2 March 1989, Columbus, Ohio USDA Forest Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN.

Van Sambeek, J. W.; Rink, G.; Johnson, P. S. 1988. Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on seedling physiology and growth problems in oak plantations. 12-13 Feb., 1986. Carbondale, Ill USDA Forest Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN.

Van Valen, L. 1976. Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks Taxon 25: 233-9.

Vanderklein, D. W. 2004. Plant architecture and leaf damage in bear oak. 1: Physiological responses Northeastern Naturalist 11: 343-356.

Vasey, G. 1883. On three hybrid oaks near Washington, D. C. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 25-26.

Vaughan, E. J. 1991. Dispersal of acorns of northern red oaks, Quercus rubra, by blue jays, Cyanocitta cristata, in central Maine M.S. Thesis, Univ. Maine, Orono.

Vilkomerson, H. 1941. Flowering habits of the chestnut Northern Nut Growers Ann. Rept. 31: 114-6.

Vozzo, J. A.; Hacskaylo, E. 1964. Anatomy of mycorrhizae of selected eastern forest trees Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 91: 378-387.

Vrecenak, A. J.; Vodak, M. C.; Fleming, L. E. 1989. The influence of site factors on the growth of urban trees J. Arboric. 15(9): 206-9.

Walker, R. F.; McLaughlin, S. B. 1993. Growth and xylem water potential of white oak and loblolly pine seedlings as affected by simulated acidic rain Amer. Midl. Naturalist 129: 26-34.

Walters, M. B.; Kruger, E. L.; Reich, P. B. 1993. Growth, biomass distribution and CO2 exchange of northern hardwood seedlings in high and low light: relationships with successional status and shade tolerance Oecologia 94: 7-16.

Walters, M. B.; Reich, P. B. 1996. Are shade tolerance, survival, and growth linked? Low light and nitrogen effects on hardwood seedlings Ecology 77: 841-53.

Walters, R. S. 1990. Site quality, fire, and herbicide effects on establishment, growth, and development of regeneration three years after partial cutting of oak stands Ph.D. Dissertation, SUNY; Syracuse, NY. 196 p.

Wang, P. L.; Chang, K. T. 1991. The pollen morphology in relation to the taxonomy and phylogeny of Fagaceae Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29(1): 60-6. (In Chinese; English summary)

Ward, J. S.; Stephens, G. R. 1994. Crown class transition rates of maturing northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) Forest Sci. 40: 1-17.

Ward, R. T. 1961. Some aspects of the regeneration habits of American beech Ecology 42: 828-32.

Ward, W. W. 1966. Epicormic branching of black and white oaks Forest Sci. 12: 290-6.

Ward, W. W. 1964. Bud distribution and branching in red oak Bot. Gaz. 125(3): 217-20.

Ware, G. H. 1982. Decline in oaks associated with urbanization In: Proc. Urban and Suburban Trees: Pest Problems, Needs, Prospects and Solutions Conf. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI. 61-4 pages.

Warrillow, M.; Mou, P. 1999. Ice storm damage to forest tree species in the ridge and valley region of southwestern Virginia J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 147-158.

Wasserman, M.; Jones, J. H. 1981. A critical analysis of the nature and taxonomic distribution of foliar trichomes in the Fagaceae Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 91: 112.

Weaver, G. T.; Robertson, P. A. 1981. Regrowth of Quercus prinus and associated tree species following regeneration harvesting in the Ozark Hills of Illinois Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 166-79.

Webb, S. L. 1987. Beech range extension and vegetation history: pollen stratigraphy of two wisconsin lakes Ecology 68: 1993-2005.

Werner, P. A.; Harbeck, A. L. 1982. The pattern of tree seedling establishment relative to staghorn sumac cover in Michigan old fields Amer. Midl. Naturalist 108: 124-32.

Whittemore, A. T.; Nixon, Kevin C. 2005. (1683) Proposal to reject the name Quercus prinus (Fagaceae) Taxon 54: 213-214.

Whittemore, A. T.; Schall, B. A. 1991. Interspecific gene flow in sympatric oaks Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88: 2540-2544.

Wilbur, R. L. 2002. Thomas Walter's oaks from the coastal region of South Carolina Rhodora 104: 134-150.

Wilder, C. M.; Holtzclaw, F . W.; Clebsch, E. E. C. 1999. Succession, sapling density and growth in canopy gaps along a topographic gradient in a second growth east Tennessee forest Amer. Midl. Naturalist 142: 201-212.

Wilkens, R. T. 2005. Plant architecture and leaf damage in bear oak II: insect usage patterns Northeastern Naturalist 12: 153-168.

Williams, A. B. 1936. The composition and dynamics of a beech-maple climax community Ecol. Monogr. 6: 319-408.

Williams, S. 1939. Secondary vascular tissues of the oaks indigenous to the United States - I. The importance of secondary xylem in delimiting Erythrobalanus and Leucobalanus Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 353-65.

Williamson, M. J. 1966. Premature abscissions in white oak acorn crops Forest Sci. 12: 19-21.

Willut, J.; Marks, G.; Hicks, G. 1977. Naturally occurring mature American chestnut trees in northwest Indiana Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 86: 127-30.

Wilson, B. F.; Kelty, M. J. 1994. Characteristics of shoots from the bud bank in black oak Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121: 62-8. (See also Canad. J. Forest Res. 24(1):149-154. 1994.)

Wold, E. N.; Marquis, R. J. 1997. Induced defense in white oak: effects on herbivores and consequences for the plant Ecology 78: 1356-69.

Wolff, J. O. 1996. Population fluctuations of mast-eating rodents are correlated with production of acorns Journal of Mammalogy 77: 850-856.

Wolgast, L. J. 1972. Mast production in scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) on the coastal plain in New Jersey Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. 137 p.

Wolgast, L. J. 1978. Effects of site quality and genetics on bear oak mast prodution Amer. J. Bot. 65(4): 487-9.

Wolgast, L. J.; Stout, B. B. 1977. The effects of relative humidity at the time of flowering on fruit set in bear oak Amer. J. Bot. 64: 159-60.

Wolgast, L. J.; Trout, J. R. 1979. Late spring frost affects yields of bear oak acorns J. Wildl. Managem. 43: 239-40.

Wood, M. D. 2005. Tannin and lipid content of acorns in scatterhoards and larderhoards Northeastern Naturalist 12: 463-472.

Wood, O. M. 1934. A brief record of seed productivity of chestnut oak in southern New Jersey J. Forest. 32: 1014-6.

Wood, O. M. 1939. Relation of the root system of a sprouting stump in Quercus montana Willd. to that of an undisturbed tree J. Forest. 37(4): 309-12.

Wood, O. M. 1938. Seedling reproduction of oak in southern New Jersey Ecology 19(2): 276-93.

Wood, O. M. 1934. The root system of a chestnut oak (Quercus montana Willd.) Proceedings 10th National Shade Tree Conference.

Woodcock, D. W. 1989. Climate sensitivity of wood-anatomical features in a ring porous oak (Quercus macrocarpa) Canad. J. Forest Res. 19(5): 639-44.

Woodroof, J. G. 1979. Tree nuts: production, processing, products AVI Publ. Co., Westport, CT. 731 pages.

Woods, F. W.; Shanks, R. E. 1959. Natural replacement of chestnut in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Ecology 40: 349-61.

Woods, K. D.; Davis, M. B. 1989. Paleoecology of range limits: beech in the upper peninsula of Michigan Ecology 70: 681-96.

Woodwell, G. M. 1974. Variation in the nutrient content of leaves of Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, and Pinus rigida in the Brookhaven forest from bud-break to abscission Amer. J. Bot. 61: 749-53.

Woodwell, G. M.; Whittaker, R. H.; Houghton, R. A. 1975. Nutrient concentrations in plants in the Brookhaven pine-oak forest Ecology 56: 318-32.

Wuenscher, J. E.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1971. Relationship of gas-exchange resistance to tree-seedling ecology Ecology 52(6): 1016-23.

Wuenscher, J. E.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1970. Carbon dioxide transfer resistance as a factor in shade tolerance of tree seedlings Canad. J. Bot. 48: 453-6.

Yawney, H. W.; Trimble, G. R. 1968. Oak soil-site relationships in the ridge and valley region of West Virginia and Maryland USDA, Forest Serv., Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NE-96. Upper Darby, PA. 19 pp.

Yetter, T. C.; Runkle, J. R. 1986. Height growth rates of canopy tree species in southern Appalachian gaps Castanea 51: 157-67.

Zimmermann, M. H.; Jeje, A. A. 1981. Vessel-length distribution in stems of some American woody plants Canad. J. Bot. 59: 1882-1892.

Brooklyn Botantic Garden

Research

Fagaceae